<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
<channel>
<title>Human Security Gateway: North Africa</title>
<link><![CDATA[http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/browse.php?By=REGION&Selection=19]]></link>
<description>Items related to "Human Security Gateway: North Africa".</description>
<pubDate>Sat, 17 May 2008 0:30:19 +0000</pubDate>
<lastBuildDate>Sat, 17 May 2008 0:30:19 +0000</lastBuildDate>
<webMaster>robert_hartfiel@sfu.ca (Robert Hartfiel)</webMaster>


   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 14 May 2008 13:22:22 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Le point sur l’épidémie de sida - Résumés par région - Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24358</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24358</guid>
		 <description>Si le nombre total de cas de VIH notifiés reste modeste (à l’exception du Soudan), les chiffres sont en hausse dans plusieurs pays, en raison notamment
de l’élargissement des activités de dépistage du VIH. 	   SOURCE: Nations Unies // Programme Commun Des Nations Unies Sur le VIH/SIDA</description>
	 <source>Nations Unies // Programme Commun Des Nations Unies Sur le VIH/SIDA</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 14 May 2008 11:35:42 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique 2005</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24338</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24338</guid>
		 <description>Le Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique est le fruit de larges travaux de recherche sur les pratiques de gouvernance entrepris dans 27 pays africains par la Commission économique pour l’Afrique (CEA), par l’intermédiaire d’instituts nationaux de recherche, qui ont recueilli, ensemble par échantillonnage, les opinions de plus de 50 000 ménages et de 2 000 experts. Les conclusions, soumises à la CEA entre 2002 et 2004, ont fait l’objet d’un processus rigoureux d’examens auxquels ont participé des experts nationaux et internationaux travaillant sur la gouvernance et les questions politiques et économiques.

Ce rapport est la première grande étude de ce type initiée par les pays africains, qui vise à analyser de façon empirique les opinions des citoyens quant à l’état de la gouvernance dans leurs pays, tout en mettant en évidence les principaux déficits de capacité dans les pratiques et institutions de gouvernance et en recommandant des pratiques optimales et des solutions pour y faire face. On s’est attaché à assurer l’appropriation locale de l’ensemble empirique de résultats afin de renforcer l’efficacité et la légitimité de la prise de décisions et de l’effort de sensibilisation aux niveaux national et infrarégional. Les données ainsi générées peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer la performance des gouvernements et de toutes les principales parties prenantes dans leur réponse aux préoccupations exprimées par les citoyens et pour suivre la mesure dans laquelle le contrat qu’ils ont passé entre eux est respecté. Nous avons pris soin de ne pas être trop directif. Le Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique contient des recommandations qui découlent essentiellement des réalités propres aux pays, car, pour être durable, la gouvernance doit être replacée dans son contexte et internalisée. 	   SOURCE: Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique</description>
	 <source>Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 14 May 2008 11:02:26 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>L'Afrique sur la voie de la bonne gouvernance : synthèse du Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique 2005</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24335</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24335</guid>
		 <description>Le présent rapport fait la synthèse de la première grande étude continentale visant à mesurer et contrôler les « Progrès accomplis sur la voie de la bonne gouvernance en Afrique », entreprise par la Commission économique pour l’Afrique. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des enquêtes et des recherches ont été menées sur 28 pays. Les résultats complets et l’analyse de l’étude seront
publiés en 2005 dans le premier «Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique ».

La CEA a entrepris ce travail pour évaluer l’idée que les citoyens se font de l’état de la gouvernance en Afrique, pour rassembler des informations sur les meilleures pratiques et pour identifier les principaux besoins de la région en
matière de développement des capacités. Le projet a identifié quatre tendances positives sur la voie de la création d’États compétents en Afrique: transitions démocratiques, ouverture politique, liberté d’expression et obligation comptable, et gestion économique. 	   SOURCE: Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique</description>
	 <source>Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2008 10:35:13 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Democratization in Morocco: Political Transition of a North African Kingdom</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24266</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24266</guid>
		 <description>Since the early 1990s Morocco has embarked on a political process of &quot;democratization,” which involves the integration of hitherto opposition parties
and figures in the government and parliamentary system. The process had been initiated by former King Hassan II and continued by his son and successor, Muhammad VI. Having lived in Morocco during the critical period of transition from one monarch to another, the author provides historical background to and an examination of the current unfolding of the process of democratization in Morocco, dotted with anecdotal episodes that illuminate certain aspects of his analysis. While Morocco’s path towards greater political transparency and inclusion has resembled those taken by other countries in the Arabic-speaking world (such as Jordan and some of the Persian Gulf emirates), it is also impacted by the Kingdom’s unique history. Of specific importance in this regard are the three and a half centuries of the ‘Alawi Dynasty’s
rule, as well as the multi-party parliamentary system instituted after independence in 1956. Like many other predominantly Muslim countries in the Middle East and beyond, one of the greatest challenges which Morocco faces today concerns the integration of Islamist-oriented forces within the legitimate political process. Having recently emerged from a troubled past of repression and human rights violations, Moroccans continue to look mainly to their monarch to ensure stability and a smooth transition to greater democracy. 	   SOURCE: Middle East Institute</description>
	 <source>Middle East Institute</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2008 10:30:10 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>How Autonomous Is Autonomy? The Western Sahara Dispute in a Bind</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24265</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24265</guid>
		 <description>The ongoing negotiations between Morocco and the Algeria-backed Polisario Front regarding the future status of the disputed Western Sahara territory have yet to demonstrate that a seemingly elusive settlement could be a realistic, if distant prospect. With Morocco on the one hand supporting autonomy for the territory within its international border, and Polisario on the other hand advocating the resumption of the stalled UN process leading to a self-determination referendum, the search for a common ground looks to be a near impossible task. Though autonomy in the abstract world (sometimes intersecting with Washington’s short attention span) seems a perfect fit for an international dispute pitting pro-independence and pro-annexation camps, in the volatile North African context, which sets the dispute in complex parameters, reconciling these two opposites seems a stretch. Yet, the debate about the virtues of each position is worth an exercise in clarifying what’s behind and what’s beyond such
eloquent re-statements of interests and objectives. 	   SOURCE: Middle East Institute</description>
	 <source>Middle East Institute</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 08 May 2008 14:32:26 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>El Qaïda au Maghreb islamique</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24243</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24243</guid>
		 <description>À Alger, le 11 décembre 2007, un double attentat, revendiqué par El Qaïda Maghreb islamique, frappe des immeubles de l’ONU, la Cour suprême et le Conseil constitutionnel : le bilan est d’au moins 67 morts. Comme pour les massacres de civils revendiqués par le GIA (Groupement islamique armé) durant la guerre civile, des doutes sont formulés aujourd’hui sur les attentats-suicides. Pour certains, les groupes terroristes sont infiltrés par les services de renseignement qui les manipulent, pour d’autres, les groupes terroristes sont des créations des services de renseignements! 	   SOURCE: Programme paix et sécurité internationales, Université Laval</description>
	 <source>Programme paix et sécurité internationales, Université Laval</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 02 May 2008 12:48:17 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>No Direction Home:  An NGO Perspective on Iraqi Refugees and IDPs - Statement by Gary L Ackerman</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24097</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24097</guid>
		 <description>The Subcommittees will come to order.  Last March, our two subcommittees held a hearing on the subject of Iraqi refugees and internally displaced persons where a panel of Bush Administration officials responsible for different aspects of the crisis assured us that the Administration was moving aggressively to assist the refugees and IDPs and would meet the President’s announced target of 12,000 Iraqi refugees resettled in the United States during the current fiscal year.  I challenged their ability and the Administration’s sincerity and they again re-assured me.  Well, as of March 31, only 2,627 Iraqis have been resettled.  With five months left in the fiscal year, that leaves only 9,373, but at the current rate the Administration won’t even meet half of the President’s goal.  Not even half.  That’s pathetic in terms of performance and embarrassing to us as a nation. And it’s only the tip of the iceberg.  For the millions of Iraqis who are stranded in Jordan, Syria, Egypt and Lebanon, conditions are worsening dramatically.  By Ambassador Foley’s own admission at a press briefing last month, the 150,000 Iraqis in Syria who are fed each day by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees will swell to 300,000 by summertime as more and more families run out of resources.  The situation in Jordan while of lesser magnitude is equally dire. Current appeals for assistance through the United Nations and other international organizations total $900 million for this calendar year and while the United States has provided $208 million towards this goal, a shortfall of $400 million is still expected. 	   SOURCE: United States House of Representatives // Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight // Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia</description>
	 <source>United States House of Representatives // Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight // Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2008 12:59:15 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Algeria Under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24059</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24059</guid>
		 <description>Algerians no longer live in fear of being killed by radical Islamists at faux barrages (makeshift roadblocks) or of being “disappeared” by “ninjas” — hooded policemen who break down front doors and take occupants away, never to return. This is a remarkable achievement in a country that during the 1990s was synonymous with horrendous violence perpetrated both by Islamist radicals and by security forces. Algeria has regained stability, with radical Islamism no longer a fundamental threat to security across the country. The virtual quarantine in which the country was confined during the mid-1990s has been lifted. It is also increasingly opening up to foreign investment. Algerians have enjoyed a period of peace and relative prosperity, despite occasional flare-ups of violence. During the presidency of Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who took office in 1999, Algeria has transitioned from civil war, state failure, and moral decay to stability. 	   SOURCE: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</description>
	 <source>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2008 10:55:17 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>United Nations Security Council Resolution on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/RES/1813) (2008)</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24041</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24041</guid>
		 <description>The Security Council, Recalling all its previous resolutions on Western Sahara, Reaffirming its strong support for the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Personal Envoy to implement resolutions 1754 (2007) and 1783 (2007), Reaffirming its commitment to assist the parties to achieve a just, lasting and 
mutually acceptable political solution, which will provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara in the context of arrangements consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and noting the role and responsibilities of the parties in this respect. 	   SOURCE: United Nations Security Council</description>
	 <source>United Nations Security Council</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2008 11:40:12 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Les régimes arabes modernisent… l’autoritarisme</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23996</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23996</guid>
		 <description>Depuis la première guerre du Golfe (1990-1991), les pays arabes du Proche-Orient et du Maghreb ont connu une succession de bouleversements qui, partout ailleurs, auraient déstabilisé bien des pouvoirs. Pourtant, la plupart ont réussi à maintenir des structures archaïques que ni la seconde guerre mondiale ni la décolonisation n’avaient fait disparaître. Une opposition efficace peine à émerger alors que les dirigeants tentent de se refaire une virginité aux yeux du monde. 	   SOURCE: Centre Tricontinental</description>
	 <source>Centre Tricontinental</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2008 10:16:39 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Algeria And The Rise Of Islamist Extremism</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23984</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23984</guid>
		 <description>One of the most remarkable archive sequences we came across while researching the Age of Terror programme, features a seven-year-old Algerian boy called Abdelkahar Belhadj. He is seen addressing a political rally of thousands in 1991 with all the confidence and fire of a mature adult. In 2007, 16 years later, we watched another clip, a propaganda video announcing the launch of al-Qaeda in North Africa featuring non other than Abdelkahar Belhadj, now a fully-fledged jihadi. 	   SOURCE: BBC News</description>
	 <source>BBC News</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Tue, 29 Apr 2008 10:37:25 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Al-Qaeda Operations in Kabylie Mountains Alienating Algeria’s Berbers</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23964</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23964</guid>
		 <description>An estimated 30 individuals, presumed to be members of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), raided a bar near the city of Tizi Ouzou in the mountainous Kabylie region of Algeria on April 6 (Liberté, April 9). The men reportedly robbed the bar’s owner and patrons of 15,000 dinars and proceeded to destroy window panes, liquor bottles and furnishings. A similar event reportedly occurred in the town of Tadmait just days earlier. Additionally, on April 5, an off-duty policeman was killed at a fake roadblock, also near Tizi Ouzou (El Watan, April 6). Immediately following the incident, vehicle passengers stopped at the roadblock were given material depicting recent AQIM activities in the Kabylie region. 	   SOURCE: Global Terrorism Analysis // The Jamestown Foundation</description>
	 <source>Global Terrorism Analysis // The Jamestown Foundation</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 16:47:10 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Recherche pour le développement dans les pays en transition : Algerie</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23749</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23749</guid>
		 <description>Récemment, le CRDI a examiné pourquoi et comment il avait travaillé, au cours des trois dernières décennies, dans des pays en transition — transition de la dictature à la démocratie, d'une économie planifiée à l’économie de marché, de la guerre à la paix. L’objectif du CRDI était de mieux comprendre comment il recueille et diffuse l’information destinée à éclairer l’élaboration de la programmation et les prises de décisions. Comment le Centre avait-il été informé de l’imminence d’une transition? Comment s’était-il renseigné sur la situation ? Comment était-il intervenu? Des études de cas ont été préparées sur l’Algérie, la Birmanie, le Cambodge, le Kenya, l’Afrique du Sud, les pays du cône Sud, le Vietnam et la Cisjordanie et Gaza. Ces huit études de cas et le texte d’introduction qui les accompagne montrent que le CRDI est depuis longtemps capable de travailler dans les situations à haut risque que l’on retrouve avant les transitions et dans la phase initiale de celles-ci. Il en ressort également qu’il a joué un rôle distinct dans l’aide à la recherche et à la conception de politiques axées sur le développement et qu’il a su habituellement adapter sa programmation à des contextes mouvants. 	   SOURCE: Centre de recherches pour le développement international</description>
	 <source>Centre de recherches pour le développement international</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 16:38:15 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Recherche pour le développement dans les pays en transition : Introduction</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23747</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23747</guid>
		 <description>Récemment, le CRDI a examiné pourquoi et comment il avait travaillé, au cours des trois dernières décennies, dans des pays en transition — transition de la dictature à la démocratie, d'une économie planifiée à l’économie de marché, de la guerre à la paix. L’objectif du CRDI était de mieux comprendre comment il recueille et diffuse l’information destinée à éclairer l’élaboration de la programmation et les prises de décisions. Comment le Centre avait-il été informé de l’imminence d’une transition? Comment s’était-il renseigné sur la situation ? Comment était-il intervenu?

Des études de cas ont été préparées sur l’Algérie, la Birmanie, le Cambodge, le Kenya, l’Afrique du Sud, les pays du cône Sud, le Vietnam et la Cisjordanie et Gaza. Ces huit études de cas et le texte d’introduction qui les accompagne montrent que le CRDI est depuis longtemps capable de travailler dans les situations à haut risque que l’on retrouve avant les transitions et dans la phase initiale de celles-ci. Il en ressort également qu’il a joué un rôle distinct dans l’aide à la recherche et à la conception de politiques axées sur le développement et qu’il a su habituellement adapter sa programmation à des contextes mouvants. 	   SOURCE: Centre de recherches pour le développement international</description>
	 <source>Centre de recherches pour le développement international</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 15:40:17 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Les effets de la migration sur le chômage marocain: une analyse en équilibre général calculable statique</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23744</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23744</guid>
		 <description>La littérature économique récente sur l’impact de la migration sur le pays d’origine n’a pas réussi à analyser l’effet de la migration sur le chômage et le taux de salaire surtout dans les zones urbaines. A l’aide d’un MEGC d´etaillé appliqué à l’économie marocaine, nous sommes capables de montrer que, si nous tenons compte simultanément de l’émigration marocaine vers l’Union Européenne, l’immigration subsaharienne vers le Maroc et la migration rural-urbain, l’impact sur le taux de salaire et le chˆomage est ambigu. 	   SOURCE: Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne</description>
	 <source>Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 14:13:35 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Egypt’s Local Elections Farce: Causes and Consequences</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23720</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23720</guid>
		 <description>Egypt’s local elections of April 8, 2008 were a confirmation of a backward slide in Egyptian politics. They were plagued by social unrest and political discord. In the weeks prior to the elections, labor protests escalated, precipitating a harsh crackdown that resulted in at least two fatalities and many injuries. The country’s largest opposition force, the Muslim Brotherhood, decided at the last minute to boycott the elections. Voter turnout did not exceed 5 percent and the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP), facing virtually no competition, landed a sweeping victory—winning roughly 95 percent of the seats at stake. 	   SOURCE: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</description>
	 <source>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 11:23:44 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/2008/251)</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23714</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23714</guid>
		 <description>The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1783 (2007) of 31 October 2007, by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) until 30 April 2008. In that resolution, the Council requested the Secretary-General to provide a report on the situation in Western Sahara before the end of the mandate period. The present report covers developments since the issuance of my report dated 19 October 2007 (S/2007/619) on the situation concerning Western Sahara and my report dated 25 January 2008 (S/2008/45) on the status and progress of the negotiations on Western Sahara. 	   SOURCE: United Nations Secretary General Report</description>
	 <source>United Nations Secretary General Report</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2008 11:34:50 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Egypt Steps In: Arab state becomes peacemaker as conflict worsens</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23611</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23611</guid>
		 <description>In early January, the United Nations and African Union finally began deploying a joint international force to Darfur. Almost immediately, the Sudanese Government attacked a UN peacekeeping convoy, leaving one man in a critical condition. With attacks like this continuing, many wonder who can take up the challenge of brokering a real and lasting peace for this troubled region in western Sudan. ‘It is a very difficult task,’ Jan Eliasson, the UN envoy to Dafur, said after high-level talks in the Egyptian city of Sharm el-Sheikh last December. ‘The military escalation on the ground in Darfur, outside Darfur, and outside Sudan continues. We have clashes. We have a very fragile humanitarian situation.’ Egypt, the largest Muslim and Arabic-speaking nation in the world, seems intent on helping to bring compromise to its war-torn southern neighbour. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak has begun pushing the international community to do more. In early January he sent a message to the UN Security Council appealing to the five permanent members actively to help defuse the tension between Sudan and Chad over Darfur, which he argued was a major impediment to peace. 	   SOURCE: The New Internationalist</description>
	 <source>The New Internationalist</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Mon, 14 Apr 2008 11:13:47 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Human Rights Abuses of Allies: The Case of Egypt</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23579</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23579</guid>
		 <description>President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt has ruled under a military state of emergency for almost three decades. During that time, he has received billions of dollars of U.S. assistance, and has been lauded as a key ally, and even a democrat. Today, as we speak, the Egyptian people are indicating their dissatisfaction with their government. In response to a call by a group on Facebook, there has been a nationwide general strike to protest the cost of living. As part of that strike, thousands demonstrated, an illegal action in Egypt. Security forces were out en mass. While demonstrations in Cairo were largely peaceful, in other parts of the country clashes turned violent, and reportedly a number were killed, including a 9 year old. Demonstrations continue and reportedly over a hundred people were arrested. A new strike is to be called in May. 	   SOURCE: Freedom House</description>
	 <source>Freedom House</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Tue, 01 Apr 2008 11:49:51 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Explaining the Violence Pattern of the Algerian Civil War</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23282</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23282</guid>
		 <description>I draw a geographically and temporally disaggregated model of the location and course of the Algerian civil war, using new battle event and location data from press reports. I show that the war was located in areas and at moments in time in which both the rebels and the government were about equally strong, according to my novel relative strength index. Additional factors that can robustly predict high location-specific war intensity are the severity of violence at a location in the past period, and unemployment. Finally, violence is unlikely to take place in unpopulated areas. 	   SOURCE: Households in Conflict Network</description>
	 <source>Households in Conflict Network</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2008 12:25:10 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Stalemate in Western Sahara: Ending International Legality</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23144</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23144</guid>
		 <description>Nearly two decades since the end of the Cold War, the conflict in the Western Sahara has yet to see its definitive resolution. In fact, this 32-year-old dispute belongs to the category of &quot;forgotten&quot; or
&quot;frozen&quot; disputes. The Sahrawi refugees, their plight, the atrocious conditions under which they live, and their right to selfdetermination through a free and fair referendum, as stipulated in all UN
resolutions, have been forgotten as well. The conflict attracts attention sporadically not because of Sahrawis' legitimate rights but mainly because of the national, geopolitical and economic interests of other actors inside and outside the region. 	   SOURCE: Annual Convention of the International Studies Association // Middle East Policy</description>
	 <source>Annual Convention of the International Studies Association // Middle East Policy</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2008 12:05:58 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Transferts d’armes au Moyen-Orient : qui arme qui et pourquoi ?</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23138</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23138</guid>
		 <description>Le Moyen-Orient est, depuis longtemps, une priorité stratégique et économique pour les puissances internationales qui s’y impliquent de différentes manières: négociations politiques, accords commerciaux ou encore investissements divers.
Les transferts d’armes représentent une autre facette de cette implication. Depuis la fin de la Guerre froide, le Moyen-Orient est une des régions du monde qui a importé le plus d’armements. En effet, l’approvisionnement militaire de la région semble être une réponse automatique des puissances étrangères aux défis auxquels leurs alliés locaux doivent faire face.
Sur les cinq dernières années, la région a concentré plus d’un cinquième des importations mondiales, principalement en raison des achats effectués par 5 États : les Émirats arabes unis, Israël, l’Égypte, l’Iran et l’Arabie saoudite.
Du côté des exportateurs, les contrats sont également conclus par un petit nombre de pays. Les États-Unis, qui comptent pour la moitié des exportations, fournissent les pays du CCG et Israël. Ils sont suivis par les États membres de l’Union européenne dont les armes ont généralement les mêmes destinations. Enfin, les transferts de la Russie et la Chine se dirigent vers les pays délaissés par Washington et Bruxelles. 	   SOURCE: Groupe de recherche et d'information sur la paix et la sécurité</description>
	 <source>Groupe de recherche et d'information sur la paix et la sécurité</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 26 Mar 2008 11:12:15 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Scare Water, Abundant Oil: Resources and Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23129</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23129</guid>
		 <description>The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) – a region that, depending on what countries are included, comprises roughly 400 million people, at least 9 religions and 14 ethnic groups -- is both water-poor and oil-rich. Although relatively plentiful on a world scale, water is unevenly distributed, and the MENA region is characterized by relative scarcity. [TABLES 1 &amp; 2] In contrast, oil is relatively scarce on a world scale. It, too, is unevenly distributed, and there are sub-regions of the world with no reserves at all. [TABLES 3 &amp; 4] The MENA region happens to be the most generously endowed in oil of all regions, although it is the poorest in terms of water. Furthermore, compared to most other parts of the globe, the MENA region is riddled with conflicts: conflicts occur frequently; they persist, and they are intense. 	   SOURCE: Annual Convention of the International Studies Association // Princeton University</description>
	 <source>Annual Convention of the International Studies Association // Princeton University</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2008 15:40:02 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>The Political Context Behind Successful Revolutionary Movements, Three Case Studies: Vietnam (1955-63), Algeria (1945-62), and Nicaragua (1967-79)</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23104</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23104</guid>
		 <description>Following the collapse of the Soviet Empire, the new world order did not bring about a closure of revolutionary warfare. In fact, the Soviet-inspired wars of liberation against imperialism have been eclipsed by reactionary, jihadist wars. By all indications in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Somalia, and Iraq, Islamic militants have embraced revolutionary warfare, although not Mao’s People’s War model. Therefore, a study of revolutionary warfare is apt because the conflict between the West and radical jihadism will continue to take place in dysfunctional, collapsing, or failed states. The author examines the political-military lessons from these conflicts and suggests that the United States should minimize the level and type of assistance to states fighting in an insurgency because these states possess greater advantages than previously supposed. 	   SOURCE: Strategic Studies Institute // United States Army War College</description>
	 <source>Strategic Studies Institute // United States Army War College</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2008 16:16:17 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Sahara occidental : sortir de l’impasse</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23079</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23079</guid>
		 <description>La publication simultanée de la récente proposition marocaine d’une « région autonome du Sahara », de la contre-proposition par le Front Polisario d’une indépendance qui garantit les intérêts marocains dans cette région et de la résolution adoptée par le Conseil de sécurité le 30 avril dernier appelant à des négociations directes entre les parties – devant s’ouvrir le 18 juin prochain – a été saluée comme une avancée prometteuse dans le conflit sur le Sahara occidental qui dure depuis plus de trente ans. Il est possible que cet optimisme s’avère bien fondé mais il est probable qu’il soit prématuré étant donné que les dynamiques du conflit restent les mêmes. Les positions officielles du Maroc et du Front Polisario sont toujours très éloignées, la position de l’Algérie demeure ambiguë et difficile à traiter et l’Organisation des Nations unies, à laquelle incombe la responsabilité de résoudre le conflit, ne se donne toujours pas les moyens de le faire.

Sortir de cette impasse requiert au minimum de changer le cadre dans lequel se sont inscrits les efforts de résolution du conflit jusqu’à présent. Le Conseil de sécurité doit soit assumer pleinement la responsabilité qu’il a prise de garantir l’autodétermination du peuple du Sahara occidental, soit accepter qu’il ne peut y parvenir et encourager le Maroc, le Front Polisario et l’Algérie à résoudre le conflit comme ils le peuvent. 	   SOURCE: International Crisis Group</description>
	 <source>International Crisis Group</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2008 15:38:30 -0700</pubDate>
	 <title>Sécurité et projet d’Union méditerranéenne : vers une rupture</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23074</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23074</guid>
		 <description>Agacés d’être perçus comme une menace, les États de la rive sud de la Méditerranée risquent d’opposer une fin de non-recevoir à la présidence française de l’Union européenne si celle-ci s’aventurait un peu trop ostensiblement sur ce terrain. Mais c’est bien de cela dont il s’agit, en partie, derrière ce vaste chantier. 
Perverti et trop souvent invoqué de manière irréfléchie, le concept de sécurité reste néanmoins un objectif dont découle la réalisation concomitante des autres aspects du projet de la présidence française. L’idée de la sécurité n’existe pas sans les usages dont elle fait l’objet. Si la définition minimaliste de la
sécurité est « l’absence de menaces, ou de craintes de menaces, sur les valeurs centrales », reste à déterminer ce à quoi l’on se réfère : aux États membres, à l’Union méditerranéenne en tant que telle, aux individus qui composent les différentes populations ? Par ailleurs, à quelles menaces s’agit-il de faire
face : les menaces militaires et/ou non militaires (économiques, environnementales, pertes d’identité…) ? Bien qu’elles puissent apparaître comme le fruit d’une construction intellectuelle sans fondement concret, ces questions sont au coeur du projet d’Union de la Méditerranée comme elles
ont été le fondement des multiples initiatives de part et d’autre de la « mare
nostrum ». L’absence d’entente entre les parties prenantes sur l’étendue que doit couvrir ce volet risque de faire de l’Union méditerranéenne, au mieux une construction institutionnelle parmi d’autres, au pire un échec de plus dans cette région du monde, avec les conséquences humaines que l’on devine. 	   SOURCE: Centre d'études des politiques étrangères et de sécurité</description>
	 <source>Centre d'études des politiques étrangères et de sécurité</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2008 16:16:23 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Sahara Occidental : Le coût du conflit</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22654</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22654</guid>
		 <description>Le conflit du Sahara occidental est l’un des plus anciens et l’un des plus négligés du monde. Plus de trente ans après son déclenchement, qui se traduira par une guerre, des déplacements de population et le cessez-le-feu de 1991 qui a figé les positions militaires, l’issue de ce conflit paraît toujours aussi lointaine. Pour beaucoup, cela tient au fait que pour la plupart des acteurs concernés – le Maroc, l’Algérie, le Front Polisario, ainsi que les pays occidentaux – le maintien du statut quo offre des avantages qu’un règlement risque de bouleverser et l’enlisement du dossier génère à l’évidence des bénéfices pour chacune des parties. Mais le conflit a ses victimes et ses coûts, humains, politiques et économiques, pour les pays concernés, pour la région et pour la communauté internationale. Il est important de le rappeler afin qu’une dynamique de résolution de conflit puisse enfin se déclencher. 	   SOURCE: International Crisis Group</description>
	 <source>International Crisis Group</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 22 Feb 2008 10:17:27 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Torturer des terroristes ? Justifications, méthodes et effets du recours à la torture dans une guerre « contre le terrorisme ». L’exemple de la France en Algérie, 1954-1962.</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22563</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22563</guid>
		 <description>Lors de la guerre qui l’opposa au mouvement nationaliste armé luttant pour l’indépendance de l'Algérie (1954-1962), la France recourut massivement à la torture. Celle-ci fut essentiellement justifiée par le terrorisme utilisé par le Front de Libération Nationale, alors que cette violence terroriste n’était ni l’essentiel de l’action des nationalistes ni la cible réelle de l’armée française. L’étude des méthodes employées et des buts poursuivis permet en effet de remettre en cause cette justification, en éclairant le fonctionnement réel de la torture dans une guerre de cette nature. Cela alors même que la guerre d'Algérie a pu être présentée comme un modèle pour de nombreuses situations conflictuelles ultérieures. 	   SOURCE: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge</description>
	 <source>Comité International de la Croix-Rouge</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2008 14:01:50 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Middle East and North Africa Reform: Rooted in Economic and Political Ground</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22526</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22526</guid>
		 <description>An intensifying demographic transition in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region calls for
creating as many as 100 million new jobs in the next decade in order to accommodate the increasing number
of entrants into the labor force. Th e shortcomings of past economic reforms foreshadow a massive labor
crisis and potential social instability as the rising wave of youth unemployment sweeps through the region.
But MENA may also have at hand a unique window of opportunity for sustained growth and development,
provided that long-overdue institutional reforms – both economic and political – are introduced. CIPE’s extensive experience around the world suggests that the key to successful reforms lies in understanding the profound interconnections between well-functioning markets and democratic governance. 	   SOURCE: Center for International Private Enterprise // Economic Reform Issue Paper</description>
	 <source>Center for International Private Enterprise // Economic Reform Issue Paper</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 07 Feb 2008 11:48:52 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (aka Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat)</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22264</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22264</guid>
		 <description>Reports from North Africa point to a recent resurgence in terrorist activity by several local Islamist movements, the most prominent of which is the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). An Algeria-based Sunni group that recently renamed itself al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, the organization has taken responsibility for a number of terrorist attacks in the region, declared its intention to attack Western targets, and sent a squad of jihadis to Iraq. Experts believe these actions suggest widening ambitions within the group’s leadership, now pursuing a more global, sophisticated and better-financed direction. Long categorized as part of a strictly domestic insurgency against Algeria’s military government, GSPC claims to be the local franchise operation for al-Qaeda, a worrying development for a region which has been relatively peaceful since the bloody Algerian civil war of the 1990s drew to a close. 	   SOURCE: Council on Foreign Relations</description>
	 <source>Council on Foreign Relations</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2008 11:58:21 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Rapport du Secrétaire général sur l’état d’avancement des négociations concernant le Sahara occidental (S/2008/45)</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22246</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22246</guid>
		 <description>Le présent rapport donne suite Ã  la résolution 1783 (2007) du Conseil de sécurité dans laquelle le Conseil demandait aux parties de continuer de faire preuve de volonté politique et de travailler dans une atmosphère propice au dialogue afin d’engager des négociations de fond et d’assurer ainsi l’application de sa résolution 1754 (2007) ainsi que le succès des négociations. Le Conseil y demandait également aux parties de poursuivre les négociations sous mes auspices, sans condition préalable et de bonne foi, en tenant compte des efforts réalisés depuis 2006 et des développements des derniers mois, en vue de parvenir Ã  une solution politique juste, durable et mutuellement acceptable qui permette l’autodétermination du peuple du Sahara occidental dans le contexte d’arrangements conformes avec les buts et principes énoncés dans la Charte des Nations Unies, et il prenait note du rÃ´le et des responsabilités des parties Ã  cet égard. Toujours dans la résolution susmentionnée, il me priait de lui présenter, avant le 31 janvier 2008, un rapport sur l’état des négociations tenues sous mes auspices et les progrès réalisés, et exprimait son
intention de se réunir pour recevoir et examiner ce rapport. Le présent rapport rend compte des faits survenus depuis la parution de mon rapport daté du 19 octobre 2007 (S/2007/619). 	   SOURCE: Nations Unies</description>
	 <source>Nations Unies</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2008 13:13:09 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>La sécurité humaine pour un siècle urbain : Défis locaux, perspectives mondiales</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22218</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22218</guid>
		 <description>Le produit le plus récent et le plus détaillé Ã  Ãªtre conÃ§u par securitehumaine-villes.org, cette publication s'appuie sur les travaux de 40 collaborateurs externes qui appliquent un prisme urbain Ã  des thèmes tels que les enfants et les conflits armés, la réforme des systèmes de sécurité, les armes de petit calibre et les armes légères, la stabilisation et la reconstruction, la consolidation de la paix et la promotion de la démocratie. 	   SOURCE: securitehumaine-villes.org</description>
	 <source>securitehumaine-villes.org</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2008 15:45:52 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>L'Algérie minimise-t-elle les risques terroristes?</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22172</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22172</guid>
		 <description>Le bilan officiel des attentats perpétrés mardi Ã  Alger et revendiqués
par Al-Qaida était hier de Â«30 morts, dont 5 étrangers, et 28 blessés hospitalisésÂ», selon le ministre algérien des affaires étrangères Mourad Medelci. Des sources hospitalières faisaient état d'un bilan beaucoup plus lourd. 	   SOURCE: Institut Français des Relations Internationales</description>
	 <source>Institut Français des Relations Internationales</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2008 11:36:02 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Les peuples autochtones de l’espace sahélosahariens, le pétrole, et les Etats Unis d’Amérique et leur terrorisme exporté</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22131</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22131</guid>
		 <description>Le Comité de Coordination des Peuples Autochtones d'Afrique (IPACC) est un réseau d'organisations des peuples autochtones d'Afrique. C'est une organisation regroupant des membres adhérents. Toute organisation légitime composée de peuples autochtones africains peut présenter une demande d'adhésion Ã  l'IPACC. D'autres associations opérant dans les domaines du développement, droits de l'homme ou droits autochtones, peuvent présenter une demande d'adhésion en tant qu'associées (sans droit de vote). Les membres élisent un Comité Exécutif représentant cinq régions d'Afrique auquel s'ajoute une représentante régionale des femmes autochtones.
Les peuples autochtones sahélo-sahariens jouèrent un rÃ´le prépondérant dans la
naissance de cet outils qu’est l’IPACC. En effet le Sahel et le Sahara comptent
en leur sein des peuples très militants qui, dans la mÃªme période étaient en
armes contre le Niger, le Mali et le Tchad, pour la prise en compte de leurs
identités dans ces jeunes pays nés de la décolonisation des années 60. Ces
peuples sont : les touareg (nom donné Ã  la partie sud de la nation AMAZIGH qui
couvre tout le nord de l’Afrique), les Toubous, les peuls Woodaabè et les Ogoni
du delta du Niger au Nigeria. 	   SOURCE: Le Comité de Coordination des Peuples Autochtones d'Afrique</description>
	 <source>Le Comité de Coordination des Peuples Autochtones d'Afrique</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2008 10:59:42 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Report of the Secretary-General on the status and progress of the negotiations on Western Sahara (S/2008/45)</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22096</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22096</guid>
		 <description>The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1783 (2007), by which the Council called upon the parties to continue to show political will and work in an atmosphere propitious for dialogue in order to engage in substantive negotiations, thus ensuring implementation of resolution 1754 (2007) and the success of negotiations. The Council also called upon the parties to continue negotiations under my auspices, without preconditions and in good faith, taking into account the efforts made since 2006 and developments of the past months, with a view to achieving a just, lasting and mutually acceptable political solution, which would provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara in the
context of arrangements consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and noting the role and responsibilities of the parties in that respect. In the same resolution, the Council requested me to provide a report by 31 January 2008 on the status and progress of the negotiations under my auspices, and expressed its intention to meet to receive and discuss the report. The present report covers developments since the issuance of my report dated 19 October 2007 (S/2007/619). 	   SOURCE: United Nations Secretary General Report</description>
	 <source>United Nations Secretary General Report</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2008 09:02:44 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Freedom of Opinion and Expression in Egypt Annual Report 2007</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22093</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22093</guid>
		 <description>Nothing can be hidden in Egypt . The state-owned newspapers are no longer the only source of news or information. To know about real situations in Egypt , one can read the independent newspapers and blogs. Torture, corruption, political suppression, poverty, and peaceful and violent protests, all art taking place in Egypt , but the state-controlled media never comment or publish such aspects. Nowadays, the situation is different; such aspects and events are widely known. All what you need to know about them is to read an independent newspaper or a blogg or to watch the space channels. No one is above criticism, and no more government secrets, all now are known. Executioners are no longer free to chastise people and go with impunity. Young journalists and bloggers are there to write, criticize and record shootings. The slogan of “Every thing is OK in Egypt â€ is changed to be “ Egypt is not well, let us expose this to find a treatmentâ€. 	   SOURCE: OpenArab.net</description>
	 <source>OpenArab.net</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2008 11:38:22 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>France - Algérie : de l'&quot;amitié&quot; Ã  l'amnistie : La France officielle et les généraux d'Alger</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22027</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22027</guid>
		 <description>Il est incontestable que le pouvoir algérien a usé de tous les registres, dont les plus criminels, pour s’assurer le soutien des dirigeants franÃ§ais dans sa politique d’éradication de toute contestation populaire. Il est tout aussi évident que ces derniers ont poussé loin la complaisance Ã  l’égard des putschistes algériens, approuvant certaines de leurs opérations spectaculaires, collaborant mÃªme Ã  leur mise en Å“uvre afin de justifier leur appui au régime contrÃ´lé par les militaires, et de s’assurer la caution de l’opinion franÃ§aise. 	   SOURCE: Association internationale de recherche sur les crimes contre l'humanité et les génocides</description>
	 <source>Association internationale de recherche sur les crimes contre l'humanité et les génocides</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2008 12:04:31 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Morocco's Election: The Limits of Limited Reform</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21955</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21955</guid>
		 <description>Can the Arab world overcome its democratic deficit? Can democratization in the Arab world produce greater stability in the Middle East? Earlier this decade, a spurt of intellectual attention and policy action
nurtured cautious optimism. Some even identified regional political trends and emerging prodemocracy voices as signs that a political renaissance might sweep the Arab world. To day, however, the pendulum has swung toward pessimism. The failure (so far) of the democratic experiment in Iraq has been a major reason, though the security situation there never gave democracy a real chance. Hamas’s victory in the January 2006 Palestinian Authority parliamentary elections may have done even more to dampen enthusiasm about Arab democracy, particularly in Western eyes. 	   SOURCE: The Brookings Institution</description>
	 <source>The Brookings Institution</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2008 11:47:59 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Le pain, la terre et l'eau : sujets de révolte en Méditerranée</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21715</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21715</guid>
		 <description>La Méditerranée a été souvent présentée comme un arc de crise dans les relations internationales. Epicentre de l'actualité planétaire, on oublie parfois la dimension géopolitique interne Ã  la région, et davantage encore le potentiel déstabilisateur des questions agricoles et hydrauliques sur les sociétés méditerranéennes, spécialement au Sud et Ã  l'Est du Bassin. Or les derniers mois ont, semblet-il, rappelé, par épisodes inquiétants, l'acuité de cette problématique. 	   SOURCE: Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques</description>
	 <source>Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2008 13:40:44 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Libya: Rights at Risk</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21662</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21662</guid>
		 <description>Despite some improvements in recent years, in Libya serious rights abuses persist. The absence of a free press, the ban on independent organizations, the torture of detainees, and the continued incarceration of political prisoners, some of them “disappeared,â€ remain matters of deep concern. To date, international engagement with the oil-rich country has focused on counter-terrorism and business ties. Human Rights Watch welcomes improved relations between Libya and other governments, but not at the expense of human rights and the rule of law. 	   SOURCE: Human Rights Watch</description>
	 <source>Human Rights Watch</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 16:33:10 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>La peine de mort au Maroc : l’heure des responsabilités</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21631</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21631</guid>
		 <description>Paris, Rabat, le 2 octobre 2007, Alors que la coalition mondiale contre la peine de mort, en collaboration avec la Coalition marocaine contre la peine de mort organise une conférence de presse ce jour Ã  Rabat quelques jours avant la journée mondiale contre la peine de mort, la FIDH publie son rapport de mission d’enquÃªte sur l’application de la peine de mort au Maroc.
Si dans le monde arabe, aucun pays n’a encore aboli la peine de mort, on peut noter des développements encourageants et une mobilisation croissante de la société civile. Bien que le Maroc n’ait exécuté personne depuis 1993, ce qui en fait un pays “abolitionniste de faitâ€, 133 condamnés Ã  mort, dont 5 femmes, sont toutefois détenus dans les couloirs de la mort des prisons marocaines.
La position du Maroc par rapport Ã  la peine de mort reste Ã  plusieurs égards ambiguÃ«. En effet d’un cÃ´té, les tribunaux continuent Ã  prononcer la peine de mort pour des actes de terrorisme comme pour des crimes de droit commun. Toutefois d’un autre cÃ´té, plusieurs manifestations publiques sur la peine de mort ont pu Ãªtre organisées avec succès, bénéficiant notamment d’une large couverture médiatique. En outre, plusieurs déclarations émanant de représentants des autorités ainsi que du Conseil consultatif des droits de l’Homme, sur une très probable et imminente abolition ont été faites au cours des dernières années. Enfin, les acteurs concernés, notamment les parlementaires et la société civile, se sont ouverts au débat sur ce sujet qui aujourd’hui, ne semble plus tabou.
A l’ occasion de la publication du présent rapport, la FIDH appelle les autorités marocaines Ã  se conformer aux recommandations faites par l’Instance Equité et Réconciliation Ã  l’issue des ses travaux et Ã  abolir la peine de mort dans les plus brefs délais. En outre, la FIDH demande aux autorités marocaines de voter en faveur de la résolution des Nations unies appelant Ã  un moratoire universel sur les exécutions qui sera soumise au vote au cours de la 62ème Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en octobre 2007 et de ratifier le deuxième protocole facultatif au Pacte international sur les droits civils et politique tendant Ã  l’abolition de la peine de mort. 	   SOURCE: Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’Homme</description>
	 <source>Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’Homme</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 13:10:54 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Note sur l’état des libertés en Tunisie</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21630</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21630</guid>
		 <description>A l’approche du vingtième anniversaire de la prise de pouvoir par le Président Ben Ali, le bilan de la Tunisie en matière de respect des libertés est sombre. Depuis 20 ans, l’élan de réforme reste bloqué et aucune amélioration notable ne peut Ãªtre mis en avant par les autorités. En particulier, la situation de la société civile demeure très préoccupante. Et la mainmise des autorités sur l’appareil judiciaire nous prive de tout espoir. Nous regrettons que la demande du Rapporteur Spécial des Nations unies sur l’indépendance des juges et des avocats réitérée depuis plusieurs années afin de pouvoir enquÃªter sur les allégations d’arbitraire dans le système judiciaire tunisien reste sans réponse. En l’absence d’une telle visite il n’existe pas de rapport circonstancié permettant de documenter de manière exhaustive la situation du judiciaire tunisien au regard des droits de l’Homme. 	   SOURCE: Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’Homme</description>
	 <source>Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’Homme</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2008 17:00:28 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=218</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=218</guid>
		 <description>This report provides an overview of Egyptian politics and current issues in U.S.- 
Egyptian relations. It briefly provides a political history of modern Egypt, an overview of its political institutions, and a discussion of the prospects for democratization in Egypt. U.S.-Egyptian relations are complex and multi-faceted, 
and this report addresses the following current topics: the Arab-Israeli peace process, Iraq, terrorism, democratization and reform, human rights, trade, and military cooperation. 	   SOURCE: Congressional Research Service</description>
	 <source>Congressional Research Service</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2008 15:52:45 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Incumbent Regimes and the “King’s Dilemmaâ€ in the Arab World: Promise and Threat of Managed Reform</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21604</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21604</guid>
		 <description>Despite passing considerable economic and social reforms Arab regimes continue to avoid substantive political reforms that would jeopardize their own power. Reformers in ruling establishments recognize the need for change to increase economic competitiveness, but the preferred process of “managed reformâ€ is leading to further political stagnation, says a new paper from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 

In Incumbent Regimes and the “King’s Dilemmaâ€ in the Arab World: Promise and Threat of Managed Reform, Carnegie Senior Associates Marina Ottaway and Michele Dunne argue that emerging, reform-minded leaders in Arab nations face a dilemmaâ€”globalization and better public access to information are prompting calls for modernization, yet history shows that even limited reforms introduced from the top often increase, rather than decrease, bottom-up demand for more radical change, as in the case of the Iranian revolution.  To contend with this threat, Arab regimes are attempting to control the process of change through “managed reformsâ€: the introduction of formal, institutional reform without the transfer of real power (Bahrain and Egypt); substantive improvements in citizens’ rights without institutional reform (Morocco); or the limited participation of legitimate opposition groups (Yemen and Algeria). 	   SOURCE: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</description>
	 <source>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2008 15:04:27 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Influence through Airpower Security Cooperation in Egypt and Pakistan: Lessons for Iraq</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21590</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21590</guid>
		 <description>The recent demise of the Iraqi Air Force creates an airpower vacuum in the region that affords the United
States an opportunity to garner influence through the development of a robust airpower security cooperation program. The question is what are the characteristics of airpower security cooperation that will best serve U.S. interests with respect to Iraq and the broader region? In seeking to answer this question, this thesis examines the recent history of U.S. airpower security cooperation with Pakistan and Egypt. The central argument is that these cases suggest that the key variables affecting the success of airpower security cooperation as a diplomacy instrument are: 1) the degree to which the security cooperation program addresses the recipient’s principal security needs as determined by the state’s strategic culture; 2) the degree to which airpower assistance facilitates and maintains an appropriate regional balance of power; and 3) the degree of trust imbued to the recipient regarding the endurance of the U.S. commitment to the security relationship. If the U.S. can account for these “three tenetsâ€ when implementing airpower security
cooperation with Iraq, it can expect to garner specific measures of influence in matters critical to U.S. security interests. 	   SOURCE: Naval Postgraduate School</description>
	 <source>Naval Postgraduate School</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2008 14:55:17 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Counterinsurgency in the 21st Century: The Foundation and Implications of the New U.S. Doctrine</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21587</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21587</guid>
		 <description>In December 2006, the U.S. Army published its new counterinsurgency (COIN) Field Manual (FM 3-24). FM 3-24 is
the much-anticipated capstone doctrinal COIN guide for the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Its intent is “to fill a
doctrinal gap,” for fighting COIN by delivering “a manual that provides principles and guidelines for
counterinsurgency operations.” The importance of developing a coherent, interdisciplinary approach that helps to fill
the “doctrinal” and capability gaps facing the U.S. military in the asymmetrical warfare spectrum, including COIN,
cannot be overstated. In light of this, how well do the new guidelines in FM 3-24 for conducting a COIN campaign
align with historical and social science lessons on counterinsurgency? FM 3-24 outlines U.S. COIN doctrine in the
form of strategies called Logical Lines of Operation (LLOs). With this in mind, are there cases in the Middle East
where FM 3-24’s LLOs have been applied and produced their intended effects? If they were not used and the state
power’s desired “endstate” was achieved, what strategies were used to achieve the COIN campaign objectives? This
thesis assess the extent to which the field manual aligns with insights and practices from historical COIN campaigns
in the Middle East as well as assess the new doctrine’s ability to supply the United States with a COIN strategy which
incorporates insights and conclusions from academia. Our findings indicate that FM 3-24 is a necessary step in
developing an effective and coherent U.S. approach to COIN. However, it fails to incorporate some more
contemporary social movement theory explanations into its strategies. For example, it fails to recognize the relative
importance political inclusion in counterinsurgency strategies versus other variables, such as security, as a primary
means of success in counterinsurgency campaigns. 	   SOURCE: Naval Postgraduate School</description>
	 <source>Naval Postgraduate School</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 19 Dec 2007 09:41:00 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Algeria: Towards Durable Solutions for IDPs? A profile of the internal displacement situation</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21437</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21437</guid>
		 <description>Although Algeria has been affected by large-scale internal displacement caused by the internal conflict that has ravaged the country since the early 1990s, very little information is available on the current situation of the displaced and their numbers. The European Union estimated in 2002 that violence had displaced one million people, while others put the number as high as 1.5 million. According to government sources, all internally displaced people (IDPs) have returned home. However, no detailed accounts and statistics on the return have been published. IDMC is currently in contact with the Algerian Government and an update will be issued when more information becomes available. While security has steadily improved in the past few years, potential obstacles to finding durable solutions for IDPs seem to persist with access to livelihoods remaining the major concern. Moreover, as confirmed by the April and December 2007 bombings in the capital Algiers and by a number of other security incidents throughout 2007, clashes continue between the Algerian security forces and remaining armed groups, notably the organisation called “al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrebâ€. This latest resurgence in violence seems at the same time to challenge the process of national reconciliation promoted by President Bouteflika and approved by the Algerian people in a 2005 referendum. Several newspapers have reported on the return home of families displaced by the conflict. No reports, however, have been found on the level of integration of IDPs in their areas of displacement, or on their voluntary resettlement. Comprehensive surveys will be needed to assess whether displacement has come to an end and IDPs have attained a durable solution. 	   SOURCE: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre</description>
	 <source>Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Fri, 14 Dec 2007 17:03:08 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Morocco’s Resistance to Regional Jihad</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21382</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21382</guid>
		 <description>As 2007 draws to a close, the one year anniversary nears of the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat’s (GSPC) official rebranding of itself as al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) following its merger with Osama bin Laden’s group. With the change in name came the stated desire to move the group beyond its nationalistic goal of initiating regime change within Algeria to a broader regional movement which ostensibly covers, as the new name implies, the entire Maghreb regionâ€”Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania. The merger with al-Qaeda has likely been a contributing factor in the evolution of AQIM’s tactics over the past year, the most notable example being the dual suicide bombings in Algiers on April 11 (see Terrorism Monitor, October 25). Though there has been a clear change in tactics and a departure from the GSPC’s strategy of limiting civilian casualties, AQIM has yet to convincingly demonstrate the capability to project itself as a true threat to the stability of the region. This is perhaps most evident in Algeria’s neighbor Morocco, a country by no means immune to acts of Salafi-Jihadi-inspired terrorism, but whose population has thus far largely rejected the notion of lending widespread domestic support to AQIM’s desire for regional jihad. 	   SOURCE: Jamestown Foundation</description>
	 <source>Jamestown Foundation</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2007 12:53:53 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Anatomy of a State Security Case: The ‘Victorious Sect’ Arrests</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21341</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21341</guid>
		 <description>On April 19, 2006, Egyptian and international media reported that authorities had just arrested members of an extremist armed group in Cairo that was alleged to have been plotting terrorist attacks. Among the headlines were “Egypt foils terror bombing attemptâ€ and “Egypt says terror group broken up.â€ The Egyptian Interior Ministry had announced that day that State Security Investigations (SSI), Egypt’s domestic
intelligence agency, had arrested 22 suspects who they alleged had been plotting to bomb civilian targets in and around Cairo, including gas pipelines and tourist sites, and to kill Muslim and Christian religious figures. The Interior Ministry said the group was called al-Taifa al-Mansura, “The Victorious Sect.â€
Five days later, on April 24, a string of bombings in Dahab, in the Sinai Peninsula, killed 18 peopleâ€”the first bombing attack in Egypt since 2005 and the only such attack in 2006. (At this writing, there had been no major bombing attacks in Egypt since the Dahab attack.) Unsurprisingly, some journalists connected the April 19 announcement with the subsequent Dahab bombings, suggesting that the group arrested might be connected to the bombings. Some observers also offered deeper analyses of the Victorious Sect arrests based on information provided in the interior ministry statement, suggesting that new strains of “Salafi Jihadismâ€ were on the rise in Egypt and that the threat of terrorism in Egypt was growing. The facts about the arrests, however, tell another story. 	   SOURCE: Human Rights Watch</description>
	 <source>Human Rights Watch</source>
		 </item>
	   <item>
	   <pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2007 11:09:24 -0800</pubDate>
	 <title>Social protection in the Arab region: the challenging concept and the hard reality</title>
	   <link>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21337</link>
	   <guid>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21337</guid>
		 <description>The link between human security and social security has become obvious and integrated in the new paradigm of national security at large. Social security is a prerequisite for both international and national security and reflects the relationship between state security in general and individual (citizen) security in particular. Moreover, it refers to the quality of life of individuals and to the respect of their human rights. According to current trends, future prospects in the Arab region appear to point towards less
protection and further marginalization of the unemployed, the abject poor, and workers in the informal sector. There is an urgent need in the Arab region to develop a new comprehensive social security system that supports the achievement of socioeconomic rights, and preserves the overriding human rights values. 	   SOURCE: Social Watch Report 2007</description>
	 <source>Social Watch Report 2007</source>
		 </item>
	

</channel>

</rss>
