Items related to "Human Security Gateway: Bosnia and Herzegovina". Fri, 16 May 2008 0:30:26 +0000 Fri, 16 May 2008 0:30:26 +0000 robert_hartfiel@sfu.ca (Robert Hartfiel) Wed, 14 May 2008 13:30:27 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24359 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24359 Ce rapport contient des résumés sur les régions suivants: Etats-Unis d’Amérique et Canada, et Europe occidentale et centrale. SOURCE: Nations Unies // Programme Commun Des Nations Unies Sur le VIH/SIDA Nations Unies // Programme Commun Des Nations Unies Sur le VIH/SIDA Tue, 06 May 2008 13:42:57 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24166 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24166 Peace activists and action researchers from the Western Balkans, Israel/Palestine and Germany gathered at the Berghof Research Center in Berlin for a seminar with renowned Israeli psychologist Dan Bar-On on 14 and 15 February 2008. The workshop was organised and co-facilitated by Dr. Martina Fischer, the Center’s Acting Director, and designed for partners who are active in peacebuilding and conflict transformation in the Western Balkans. Participants came from Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, in particular from the Centre for Nonviolent Action which maintains offices in Belgrade and Sarajevo and from Miramida Centre, Groznjan (Istria, Croatia). In addition to this, some German colleagues from the Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für gewaltfreie Aktion – Kurve Wustrow, from the Akademie für Konflikttransformation (Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst) and from the Berghof team joined the event. Tamar Bar-On, who teaches at the Ben-Gurion University’s Department of Social Work also actively contributed to the workshop as a resource person and observer. SOURCE: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management Fri, 18 Apr 2008 10:49:32 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23713 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23713 Since its inception, the ICTJ has supported the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). In 2002 then ICTJ President Alex Boraine testified at the unprecedented sentencing hearing in 2002 for Biljana Plavsic, former President of Republika Srpska. Boraine noted the importance of Plavsic's guilty plea and her acknowledgment of responsibility, but questioned her decision not to take the extra step of testifying about the roles of other senior Serb officials in committing war crimes. On February 12, 2002 the Trial Chamber of the ICTY began to hear the case against former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic. The case marked the first time a head of state faced charges of genocide and crimes against humanity in an international court. It also offered a dramatic public history lesson on the catastrophe that engulfed Yugoslavia in the 1990s. To enable transparency and the widest possible audience for the trial, the ICTJ and the Human Rights Project at Bard College created an internet-based archive of the audio and video of the trial. The archive allows cross-referencing and easy movement across segments of the trial video. It is also linked to a physical archive of broadcast-quality digital videotapes of the trial, fully open to use by researchers, students, broadcasters, and members of the public. While the death of Milosevic in March 2006 meant that the ICTY was unable to issue a verdict in his trial, the case uncovered a substantial amount of documentary evidence and witness testimony that now forms part of the public record. SOURCE: International Center for Transitional Justice International Center for Transitional Justice Thu, 03 Apr 2008 12:44:00 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23378 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23378 The mass atrocities committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the early nineties have prompted the establishment of the first international war crimes court since the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals. Ever since, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the court which has marked a new stage in the development of international justice, has been shaped and influenced by the events in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the same time, its existence and achievements have hugely impacted Bosnia and Herzegovina in its ongoing post-war transition into a democratic society. This relationship resulted in a unique case of international intervention in a post-conflict context and an unprecedented transfer of legitimacy of a justice process from an international body to local institutions. SOURCE: Peace Justice Conference // Working Group on Development and Peace // Center for Peacebuilding - swisspeace Peace Justice Conference // Working Group on Development and Peace // Center for Peacebuilding - swisspeace Tue, 01 Apr 2008 12:54:59 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23290 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=23290 The central mechanisms of post-conflict transitional justice are criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, vetting, and reparations. Criminal prosecutions can be conducted by international courts and tribunals, national courts, and mixed or hybrid tribunals that combine elements of national and international law, jurisdiction, and staffing. Truth commissions vary in their mandate and methodology from more narrow fact-finding inquiries conducting analysis of evidence and documentation, to broader truth and reconciliation initiatives that incorporate victims and perpetrators through a process of public hearings. Vetting takes an individualized approach to assessing the integrity of persons in order to determine their suitability for employment in the public and particularly the security sector, while lustration disqualifies groups of individuals from holding public office on the basis of their membership or employment in certain organizations. Finally, reparations can be provided to victims of human rights abuse either within state-sponsored reparation programs, or by courts and other judicial bodies on an individual basis. Other forms of redress and modalities of transitional justice include restitution, apology, memorialisation, and education. SOURCE: Peace Justice Conference // Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development Peace Justice Conference // Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development Tue, 05 Feb 2008 13:13:09 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22218 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=22218 Le produit le plus récent et le plus détaillé à être conçu par securitehumaine-villes.org, cette publication s'appuie sur les travaux de 40 collaborateurs externes qui appliquent un prisme urbain à des thèmes tels que les enfants et les conflits armés, la réforme des systèmes de sécurité, les armes de petit calibre et les armes légères, la stabilisation et la reconstruction, la consolidation de la paix et la promotion de la démocratie. SOURCE: securitehumaine-villes.org securitehumaine-villes.org Thu, 20 Dec 2007 13:03:41 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21514 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21514 Cette carte montre le déploiement des forces multinationales de stabilisation en Bosnie-Herzégovine SOURCE: Opérations de paix, Université de Montréal Opérations de paix, Université de Montréal Wed, 19 Dec 2007 10:16:52 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21443 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21443 The article attempts to briefly analyze state-building theories and methods, as applied to justice system reform in post-conflict scenarios. In this respect, the international authorities involved in the reconstruction process may traditionally chose between either a 'dirigiste' or a consent-based approach, which represent the essential terms of reference for past interventions. However, features common to most reconstruction missions and relatively poor results confirm the need for change in the overall strategy. This requires the international donors to focus more on the 'demand for justice' at local level than on the traditional supply of legal aid. In this respect, the articles stresses the need for effectively promoting the 'local ownership' of the reform process, without this expression being merely used by international actors as a political umbrella under which to protect themselves from potential failures. SOURCE: European Conference on International Relations European Conference on International Relations Tue, 11 Dec 2007 17:35:42 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21335 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21335 The countries of the Western Balkans face high levels of violence, crime and human insecurity as a legacy of recent conflicts, political turbulence and economic crises. The war in the former Yugoslavia increased the proliferation and easy availability of small arms and light weapons, both legally and illegally possessed, contributing to a rise in violent behaviour not only in the public space, but also within the family. Other factors linked to the post-conflict situation and transition have also contributed to an increase in domestic violence, including economic and personal insecurity, unemployment, crime and intolerance. SOURCE: South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons Tue, 27 Nov 2007 17:17:44 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21008 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21008 The Bosnian Book of Dead is the outcome of the project “Population Losses, 1992-95”, conducted by the Research and Documentation Centre (RDC) in Sarajevo. The objective of this project is establishing a country-wide database covering the victims of the Bosnian war. Sources used for the BBD include witness statements8, existing electronic lists, lists from books, reports, and press articles, names from grave tombs, newspaper memorials, other newspapers records (single or lists), government sources, microfilms etc. More than 7,000 witnesses testified so far and in total thousands of different sources were used (personal communication of the consultants with Mirsad Tokača, Sarajevo, 1 July 2006). All these sources are summarized in the document “List of Sources” which the authors studied as part of their assessment. The intended coverage of the BBD database is the entire country and the entire conflict period 1992-95. The current version of the database is almost complete, meaning that marginal numbers of cases can be probably still found and added resulting in a diminishing improvement. It is the largest existing database on war-related deaths of both civilians and soldiers for Bosnia. SOURCE: Households in Conflict Network // University of Sussex Households in Conflict Network // University of Sussex Tue, 27 Nov 2007 14:05:26 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=1867 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=1867 The Srebrenica massacre has played a special role in the politics of Western treatment of the restructuring of the former-Yugoslavia and in Western interventionism more broadly, and it is receiving renewed attention and memorialization at its tenth anniversary in July 2005. It is regularly cited as proof of Serb evil and genocidal intent and helped justify a focus on punishing the Serbs and Milosevic and NATO’s 1999 war on Serbia. It has also provided important moral support for the further Western wars of vengeance, power projection, and “liberation,” having shown that there is evil that the West can and must deal with forcibly. SOURCE: Srebrenica Research Group Srebrenica Research Group Wed, 31 Oct 2007 15:03:52 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=7577 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=7577 On 21 December 2006, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina accepted an adapted indictment against Pasko Ljubicic, which charges him with Crimes against humanity and War crimes against civilians. The indictment alleges that in the period January to July 1993 Pasko Ljubicic participated in a widespread or systematic attack on the Bosniak civilian population of the Vitez and Busovaca municipalities by Croatian Defence Council (HVO) forces. The indictment further alleges that the Accuses was the commander of the 4th Military Police Battalion, which was active in the Central Bosnia Operative Zone (CBOZ) of the HVO. He allegedly exercised both formal and de facto control over the members of the HVO Military Police in the CBOZ. SOURCE: Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:51:17 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=8275 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=8275 On 31 January 2007, the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) confirmed an indictment which charges Sefik Alic with War crimes against prisoners of war. The indictment alleges that during the armed conflict on the territory of BiH and the Republic of Croatia, in the capacity of the Assistant Commander of the Hamza Battalion for Security of the 5th Corps of the Army of BiH, Sefik Alic acted contrary to the provisions of the Geneva Conventions. According to the allegations in the indictment, the Accused, inter alia, participated in the physical and mental abuse of war prisoners, instigated their killings and failed to undertake measures to punish the perpetrators. SOURCE: Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina Wed, 31 Oct 2007 14:07:37 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=16778 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=16778 As NATO has moved from being a primarily military alliance to seeking more political roles, it has become pertinent to consider its impact on democratisation. At first glance, it might seem incongruent even to deliberate on the democracy promotion relevance of an essentially military organisation. But, NATO's successive enlargements have often hinged on the fulfilment of democratic preconditions in aspirant members, while technical assistance provided under the Partnership for Peace (PfP) and other programmes has increasingly focused on the reform of civil-military relations. Assessment is consequently warranted of whether NATO has come to play any positive role in encouraging democratisation across different regions, or whether its impact on political liberalisation has been either marginal or even negative. This paper argues that support for democracy has increasingly infused NATO policies, but that the organisation's role in democracy promotion is circumscribed by strategic considerations; most often an indirect side effect of other aims; and most relevant to the niche area of defence reform. SOURCE: Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:29 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20884 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20884 These are the conference proceedings for the International Conference on Conflict Management and Conflict Prevention: Lessons Learned and Best Practices from the Western Balkans which was held in Stockholm 8-9 October 2003. The conference was organised by the Folke Bernadotte Academy in co-operation with the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Italian EU Presidency. The specific purpose was to identify lessons from three phases in the management of the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedoniaxe2x80x94(1) the pre-agreement, shuttle-diplomacy phase, (2) the initial peace-implementation phase and (3) the present, mature implementation phase. The main focus was on those models, lessons and practices that could be universally applicable. The conference brought together key individuals with experience from negotiating and implementing the agreements that ended these violent conflicts, as well as government representatives from the region and renowned academics. The conference was attended by representatives of EU and OSCE member states, international organisations, research institutions and non-governmental organisations active in the region. These conference proceedings make the presentations and insights available to a larger audience. SOURCE: Folke Bernadotte Academy Folke Bernadotte Academy Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:29 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20907 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20907 This webpage provides a chronology of key events in history of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the time of its annexation to Austria-Hungary in 1908 to the present. SOURCE: British Broadcasting Corporation British Broadcasting Corporation Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:28 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20752 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20752 The indictment alleges that, during the attack on the Srebrenica enclave by Bosnian Serb forces in July 1995, and the subsequent killings and executions of Bosnian Muslim men and boys, Vujadin Popovic was a Lieutenant Colonel and was the Assistant Commander for Security on the staff of the Drina Corps of the Bosnian Serb Army ("VRS"). He was present and on duty in the Drina Corps zone of responsibility, which included Srebrenica, Potocari, Bratunac and Zvornik, from 11 July to 31 August 1995. It is alleged that Vujadin Popovic, by virtue of his position as Assistant Commander of Security for the Drina Corps, had responsibility for dealing with Bosnian Muslim prisoners from Srebrenica from 11 July 1995 until 1 November 1995. In the several days following the attack on Srebrenica, the VRS forces captured, detained, summarily executed, and buried over 7,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys from the Srebrenica enclave, and forcibly transferred the Bosnian Muslim women and children out of the enclave. According to the indictment, Vujadin Popovic committed, planned, instigated, ordered and otherwise aided and abetted in the planning, preparation and execution of the charged crimes. It is alleged that Vujadin Popovic, together with other VRS and Ministry of the Interior ("MUP") officers and units as identified in this indictment, was a member of and knowingly participated in a Joint Criminal Enterprise, the common purpose of which was, inter alia: to forcibly transfer the women and children from the Srebrenica enclave to Kladanj on 12 July and 13 July 1995; and to capture, detain, summarily execute by firing squad, bury, and rebury thousands of Bosnian Muslim men and boys aged 16 to 60 from the Srebrenica enclave from 12 July 1995 until and about 19 July 1995. The implementation of this Joint Criminal Enterprise resulted in the summary execution of over 7,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys. The indictment charges Popovic with one count of genocide, four counts of crimes against humanity, and one count of violations of the laws of war. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:28 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20775 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20775 In Bosnia, as in many other post-ethnic-war situations, the period immediately after the ceasefire is critical, the beginning of a time of mourning, recovering, rebuilding and building anew. Peace, at this point, is tenuous. The wounds, fear and hatred are fresh; the ethnicization of the population is almost complete. These add considerable weight to whatever tensions existed that led to the war in the first place. In this unstable time, to avoid renewed violence, programmes and policies must be in place that reduce the tensions, help people mourn and rebuild their lives, and which address the structures feeding the ethnic hatred and fear that are named as both a part and a product of the war. SOURCE: University of Bradford // Centre for Conflict Resolution // Department of Peace Studies University of Bradford // Centre for Conflict Resolution // Department of Peace Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20496 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20496 Beginning on about 23 May 1992, Serb forces, supported by artillery and heavy weapons, attacked Bosnian Muslim and Croat population centres in opstina Prijedor, Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the following days, most of the Muslims and Croats were forced from their homes and seized by the Serb forces. The Serb forces then unlawfully confined thousands of Muslims and Croats in the Omarska, Keraterm and Trnopolje camps. The accused, Dusko Tadic a/k/a "Dule" a/k/a "Dusan", participated in the attack on, seizure, murder and maltreatment of Bosnian Muslims and Croats in opstina Prijedor both within the camps and outside the camps, between the period beginning about 23 May 1992 and ending about 31 December 1992. The accused, Goran Borovnica, participated with Dusko Tadic in the killing of Bosnian Muslims in the Kozarac area, as set forth below: SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20497 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20497 Between 24 May 1992 and 30 August 1992, Dusko Sikirica, instigated, committed or otherwise aided and abetted the killing of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats, causing serious bodily or mental harm to Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats, and deliberately inflicting on the Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of a part of the Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat populations, with the intent to destroy the Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats, in part, as national, ethnic or religious groups. Dusko SIKIRICA participated in th#e above acts through his direct participation in such acts and through his instigation, approval, encouragement, acquiescence, and assistance in the development and continuation of the conditions in the camp and the on-going commission of crimes against the prisoners in the Keraterm camp. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20498 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20498 In May 1992, Goran JELISIC, intending to destroy a substantial or significant part of the Bosnian Muslim people as a national, ethnical, or religious group, systematically killed Muslim detainees at the Laser Bus Co., the Brcko police station and Luka camp. He introduced himself as the "Serb Adolf", said that he had come to Brcko to kill Muslims, and often informed the Muslim detainees and others of the number of Muslims he had killed. On about 5 May 1992, Ranko CESIC went to the Brcko Partizan Sports Hall where Muslim civilians were being confined, and took the Muslim detainee Sakib Becirevic (a/k/a Kibe) and four other men named "Pepa", "Sale" and the two sons of a man called Avdo outside the hall. Ranko CESIC lined up and shot and killed the five detainees with bursts of gunfire. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20499 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20499 From on or about 1 August 1991 until 31 December 1995, Milan Martic, acting individually or in concert with other known and unknown members of a joint criminal enterprise, planned, instigated, ordered, committed, or otherwise aided and abetted the planning, preparation, or execution of the persecutions of the Croat, Muslim and other non-Serb civilian population in the SAO Krajina and city of Zagreb in Croatia, and in the Autonomous Region of Krajina ("ARK") in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular in Bosanski Novi, Bosanska Gradiska, Prnjavor, and Sipovo. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20500 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20500 Serious violations of international humanitarian law took place during the period of May 1992 to May 1993, when the armed forces of the Croatian Defence Council attacked the Muslim civilian population in the towns, villages and hamlets of the Lasva Valley area of Central Bosnia generally and specifically in the municipalities of Vitez and Busovaca and the civilian population of the nearby city of Zenica, in the territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20501 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20501 In his various high-ranking positions and through the power and influence that he exercised, Dario Kordic played a central role in developing, establishing and executing the policies, objectives and strategies of the HDZ-BiH, the HZ H-B, the HR H-B and the HVO. Along with others, he launched, planned, instigated, prepared, ordered, committed and aided and abetted a political-military campaign to persecute and terrorise Bosnian Muslims, which involved, or resulted in, the commission of serious violations of international humanitarian law. As an HVO commander, Mario Cerkez implemented by military means the HDZ-BiH's, the HZ H-B's, the HR H-B's and HVO's goals, policies and objectives, and committed and aided and abetted the persecution campaign. He was the commander of the HVO Vitez Brigade, which was directly and actively involved in the wide-scale persecution against Bosnian Muslim civilians. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20502 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20502 On or about 26 April 1993 at Busovaca in Central Bosnia Herzegovina, Zoran MARINIC killed and participated in the killing of Sabrija Topalovic, Ahmet Topalovic, Adil Topalovic and Veda Smulo. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20503 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20503 From at least January 1993 through at least mid-July 1993, the HZ-BZ armed forces, known as the Croatian Defence Council ("HVO"), were engaged in an armed conflict with the armed forces of the government of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina. From the outset of hostilities in January 1993, the HVO attacked villages chiefly inhabited by Bosnian Muslims in the La{va River Valley region in Central Bosnia-Herzegovina. These attacks resulted in the death and wounding of numerous civilians. In addition, other civilians were detained, transported from their places of residence, forced to perform manual labour, were tortured, subjected to sexual assaults, and other physical and mental abuse. Hundreds of Bosnian Muslim civilians were arrested by the HVO an#d taken to the locations such as the Vitez Cinema Complex and the Vitez Veterinary Station which were being used as detention facilities. While imprisoned, numerous Bosnian Muslim prisoners were brought to the front lines where HVO soldiers forced them to dig protective trenches to protect HVO soldiers from being shot by BiH snipers. On several occasions Bosnian Muslim prisoners were killed and wounded while digging these protective trenches. SOURCE: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:48:03 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20341 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20341 This article applies Cottey et al's thesis of first and second generation civil-military relations to the protectorate of Bosnia-Herzegovina. It argues that in the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina this agenda does not occur in a loosely overlapping fashion with the initiation of the first generation agenda providing the basis upon which the second-generation agenda can be implemented. Rather, the reverse occurs - the second generation capacity building agenda allows for the construction of state level institutions in the defence and security sphere - not least a functioning Ministry of Defence - which is the hallmark of the first generation macro-institutional structural reform agenda. This approach may well prove to be appropriate for other protectorates. It is of rising strategic significance in an age of pre-emptive action against failed and rogue states, regime change and democratization. SOURCE: Conflict Studies Research Centre // Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Conflict Studies Research Centre // Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:56 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20158 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20158 In 1993,the United Nations Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to bring to justice persons who had committed atrocities during the recent war. By prosecuting individuals responsible for mass killings, systematic detention and rape, and other serious violations of humanitarian law, they believed that the ICTY would through its trials establish individual accountability and contribute to the "restoration and maintenance of peace" in the former Yugoslavia. This report will show that local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Bosnia and Herzegovina - which work on a daily basis with issues related to the Tribunal - are not well informed about the process of international justice and have many misconceptions about it.The Tribunal, rather than being seen as bringing individual accountability, is inadvertently reinforcing the same divisions that divided the country during the war. SOURCE: Tufts University // Human Rights Data Analysis Group Tufts University // Human Rights Data Analysis Group Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:56 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20235 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20235 Since the Dayton Peace Accords of December 1995 ended three and a half years of conflict, UNDP has worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina to facilitate return of displaced people, consolidate peace and lay the basis for long-term development. SOURCE: Forced Migration Review Forced Migration Review Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:45 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19973 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19973 This study was drafted by a regional network of human rights NGOs as part of a project to support the return of refugees/IDPs through legal aid. It was financially supported by the Government of the United States of America and implemented by the OSCE Mission to Serbia in co-operation with the OSCE Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. SOURCE: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:45 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20049 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20049 Established in 2001, the Post Conflict Assessment Unit (PCAU) assists countries and regions in the post-conflict recovery and reconstruction period. PCAU is currently active in Afghanistan, the former Yugoslavia, the Occupied Territories, and Iraq. Results from PCAU's post-conflict assessments are available on their website. For the PCAU's list of publications, click here. http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications.htm SOURCE: Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:45 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20067 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20067 Security Sector Reform (SSR) is a specific peace-building instrument which is part of a much wider process of transformation and stabilisation. It is crucial for the authorities in post-conflict societies to reform their military (and paramilitary), police, intelligence and border control forces, customs and judiciary to bring about lasting change. Without substantial reforms in these areas, it is almost impossible to achieve sustainable peace, democracy and development. While this is true for many war-torn communities and states, it is particularly important for the countries of the Western Balkans, plagued as they are by the legacy of wars, strained inter-ethnic relations, unresolved status issues, thriving criminal activities, corrupt bureaucracies and high unemployment rates. SOURCE: European Policy Centre European Policy Centre Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:44 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19797 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19797 This essay draws on a recent study of how the international community has dealt with the need to construct or reconstruct the security sector in six countries where there has been severe conflict leading to significant international engagement. Various factors are identified as having been critical in shaping the outcome of (re)construction efforts, and they are evaluated from several perspectives. The author observes that external actors have tended to take a limited #and unbalanced approach to the security sector, focusing on building the efficiency of statutory security actors, and neglecting the development of managerial and governance capacity. He concludes that while programmes tended to become more effective after the first major post-Cold War effort was undertaken in Haiti in 1994, the plight of the reconstruction effort in Afghanistan after 2001 may point to a reversal of this trend. SOURCE: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:44 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19915 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19915 This report provides an overview of activities focused on the prevention of trafficking in human beings in South Eastern Europe (SEE), and is designed to supplement the information and analysis in two earlier joint UNICEF, UNOHCHR and OSCE/ODIHR reports on trafficking in SEE published in 2002 and 2003. The research was carried out in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Bulgaria, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and the UN Administered Province of Kosovo between January 2004 and March 2004. The report aims to fills gaps in the previous reports by addressing the issue of prevention of trafficking in human beings, including awareness raising and re-integration processes. SOURCE: United Nations // United Nations Children's Fund // United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights // Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe // Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights United Nations // United Nations Children's Fund // United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights // Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe // Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:43 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19756 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19756 The present study is a macro-level evaluation of international assistance to democratisation and reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina within the framework of a multi-dimensional peace operation. The study was conducted within the research project Democratisation and Reconciliation in Post-Intrastate Conflict Situations. An Evaluation of the International Contributions to Democratisation and Reconciliation in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo and Macedonia 1995-2004. The overarching research question for the project is: How do international actors seek to assist the processes of democratisation and reconciliation after violent inter-group conflicts? The international actors analysed are the United Nations, the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation. In a micro analysis, the means and goals of the actors regarding conflict prevention and and goals, and if so, how are these managed? The main achievements and obstacles pertaining to democratisation and reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina are analysed in a macro-level impact evaluation. democratisation are analysed. The analysis probe into the policy logic of the actors, that is, reconstruct the perception of the actors on how democratisation can be achieved.2 It elucidates the conflicting goals and means within and between the missions and analyzes the management thereof. For the purpose of analysis of the different missions, several issues are attended to: What are the goals of the mandate? Who implements the mandate? How is the mandate implemented? Are there conflicting goals or incompatibilities between means and goals, and if so, how are these managed? The main achievements and obstacles pertaining to democratisation and reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina are analysed in a macro-level impact evaluation. SOURCE: Uppsala University Uppsala University Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:43 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19757 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19757 Swedish involvement in the Western Balkans has been on a high level since the wars broke out in 1991. The engagement includes military peace keeping and post-conflict reform assistance. An important overall question is how the Swedish contribution has functioned. More specifically, how is Swedish assistance expected to have an impact on peace, democratisation and reconciliation? Has the relationship between goals and means been characterised by consistency? Are there conflicting goals? What can be said about the obstacles and the difficulties for achieving these goals? The aim of this report is twofold. A first ambition is to provide a general picture of the Swedish development assistance, with the Western Balkans in focus. However, the main purpose of the report involves examining the extent to which the Swedish policy in the field of democratisation and reconciliation is coherent with the programmes that are actually being carried out in the field. This latter aim entails looking at impediments for efficient Swedish development assistance as for democratisation and reconciliation. A further ambition is to identify and analyse also other such hampering aspects for effective democratisation and reconciliation assistance. The time period covered in the report is 1995-2004. SOURCE: Uppsala University Uppsala University Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:42 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19755 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19755 Since the 1990s democratisation is also an integrated part of the conflict prevention agenda. Multidimensional peace operations, also called second generation peacekeeping, have become the model for contemporary peace promotion. Postconflict peacebuilding is seen as the method for addressing causes by social and political reconstruction. Democratisation is explicitly recognized as a mechanism for conflict prevention. However, researchers and donors have in recent years identified a fundamental paradox. While democracy as a political system is associated with peaceful conflict management, the risk of violent conflict, within and between states, rises sharply during the process of democratisation. This means that democracy promotion may exacerbate the risk of violent conflict. Hence, international efforts for democratisation are not always compatible with the goal of conflict prevention, at least not in the short-term. This is the starting point for the present project. SOURCE: Uppsala University Uppsala University Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:40 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19746 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19746 What is genocide? Can a state be held responsible for its commission? What affirmative obligations do states have to prevent genocide? The International Court of Justice (ICJ) offered new answers to these perennial questions on February 26, 2007, in Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) (Bosnian Genocide). The Bosnian Genocide Court held that: (1) Serbia violated its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) to prevent genocide in Srebrenica2 (the largest mass murder in Europe since World War II), but did not have the requisite specific intent to commit genocide; and (2) Serbia must fully cooperate with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). While clarifying state accountability, the decision has raised fundamental questions regarding the proliferation of tribunals in international law, and the extent to which states now have affirmative obligations to prevent genocide. SOURCE: Human Rights Brief Human Rights Brief Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:34 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19593 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19593 The Dayton Peace Accords Project assists post-conflict parties in developing practical solutions to issues of peace implementation, constitutional development, institution building, economic development, and cultural and ethnic heritage through the provision of appropriate and time technical, legal, and advocacy assistance. SOURCE: Tufts University Tufts University Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:34 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19594 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19594 This article describes the participation of the Dayton Project in a constitutional and governmental reform process supported by the international community that began in February 2005 and involved the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the eight major political parties in Parliament. SOURCE: Dayton Peace Accords Project Dayton Peace Accords Project Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:34 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19595 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19595 This paper describes the process behind the constitutional and governmental reform process that began in February 2005 and involved the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and the eight major political parties in Parliament. It also briefly assesses the problems surrounding the process and the prospective future of the Process. SOURCE: Dayton Peace Accords Project Dayton Peace Accords Project Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:34 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19639 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19639 On 16 May the Council is scheduled to be briefed by the High Representative for the Implementation of the Peace Agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Christian Schwarz-Schilling. A discussion of his most recent report will follow. Of concern to the Council will be Bosnia and Herzegovina's constitutional reform, the adoption of a unified police force and full cooperation with the ICTY. The Council may issue a press statement after the debate. Any other action is unlikely as there is nothing the Council needs to authorise or endorse at this stage. SOURCE: Security Council Report Security Council Report Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:20 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19299 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19299 On the eve of the first global civil society conference on preventing violent conflict, being hosted by the UN in July 2005, this report is intended to stimulate debate about the power and possibility of grassroots peace-builders to make a lasting difference. It gathers peacebuilding experiences from six countries where World Vision works: Serbia and Montenegro (Kosovo), Colombia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bosnia & Herzegovina, and Sierra Leone SOURCE: World Vision International World Vision International Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:20 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19391 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19391 International strategy for Bosnia will derail unless the key obstacles to police reform -- the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) and Belgrade -- are confronted in the few weeks before the EU decides whether to start key integration negotiations. Efforts to push police reform that satisfies EU criteria have failed due to Serbian obstruction. The international community needs to make clear there will be no negotiations until there is serious reform; it will ban the SDS unless there is reform; and it will put heavy pressure on Belgrade both to give up its Greater Serbia territorial aspirations and use its influence to support reform. If police reform is left unfinished, ethnic chieftains will retain control of the instruments of state violence, and the potential for new hostilities will remain. SOURCE: International Crisis Group International Crisis Group Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:04 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19043 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19043 The Council of the European Union decided on 12 July 2004 (Council Joint Action 2004/570/CFSP of 12 July 2004) to conduct a military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the framework of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). The decision by the EU to launch ALTHEA follows the decision by NATO to conclude its SFOR-operation. Operation ALTHEA will be carried out with recourse to NATO assets and capabilities, on the basis agreed with NATO ("Berlin Plus"). The aim is to deploy by the end of the year a robust force (EUFOR) - starting at the same force levels as NATO-led SFOR (7,000 troops) - with a Chapter VII mission to ensure continued compliance with the Dayton/Paris Agreement and to contribute to a safe and secure environment in BiH. SOURCE: Council of the European Union Council of the European Union Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:04 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19044 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19044 The announcement that the EU will take over from NATO in Bosnia is politically popular in Washington and Brussels but the success of the new security set-up cannot be taken for granted. The planned EU-led peacekeeping force (EUFOR), which will replace NATO's Stabilisation Force (SFOR) by the end of 2004, arrives at a delicate time for the Balkans. The region faces increased security challenges on a variety of fronts, and EUFOR's mandate has to reflect this new reality. The main security challenges today are weapons smuggling, the apprehension of war criminals, extremist religious groups, and border security. There are questions about whether the cash-strapped and far-from-integrated armies of the EU member states can meet these challenges. This will be the most significant change in the international presence in Bosnia since the war ended, and significant post-war achievements are at stake. SOURCE: International Crisis Group International Crisis Group Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:04 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19053 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=19053 Based on the research conducted for this report, Human Rights Watch believes that there are several measures that can be taken to help ensure the trials are consistent with international standards. They include the introduction of professional investigators in the prosecutorial offices at the district level, and an increase in the number of prosecutors where the increased number of war crimes investigations so requires. Prosecutorial offices should also make greater use of law clerks in war crimes prosecutions, and make full use of available sources of information relevant to the investigation, including information gathered by nongovernmental organizations, and ICTY transcripts and other material. SOURCE: Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:03 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18834 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18834 In the summer of 1995, two years after it was designated a United Nations Safe Area, the Bosnian town of Srebrenica became the scene of the worst massacre in the Bosnian war. This is an account of the critical days leading up to the killings. SOURCE: British Broadcasting Corporation British Broadcasting Corporation Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:03 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18870 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18870 This report is a study of how gender dimensions shape and are shaped by international conflict interventions. Through case studies the report investigates ways in which the interventions have intended and unitended gender consequences. The report makes policy recommendations based on the analysis. SOURCE: International Peace Research Institute, Oslo International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:03 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18873 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18873 SOURCE: Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children // Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children // Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium