Items related to "Human Security Gateway: Botswana". Fri, 16 May 2008 0:30:19 +0000 Fri, 16 May 2008 0:30:19 +0000 robert_hartfiel@sfu.ca (Robert Hartfiel) Wed, 14 May 2008 12:51:54 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24354 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24354 Ce rapport contient des résumés sur les régions suivants: Afrique australe, Afrique de l’Est, Afrique de l’Ouest et Afrique centrale, et Afrique centrale, et aussi sur les thèmes suivantes: le double défi de la tuberculose et du VIH, circonsion masculine et préventions du VIH, epidémies latentes parmi les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes, la consommation de drogues injectables: un facteur croissant dans plusiers épidémies de VIH de L'Afrique Subsaharienne, et signes de changements vers des comportements à moindre risque. SOURCE: Nations Unies // Programme Commun Des Nations Unies Sur le VIH/SIDA Nations Unies // Programme Commun Des Nations Unies Sur le VIH/SIDA Wed, 14 May 2008 11:35:42 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24338 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24338 Le Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique est le fruit de larges travaux de recherche sur les pratiques de gouvernance entrepris dans 27 pays africains par la Commission économique pour l’Afrique (CEA), par l’intermédiaire d’instituts nationaux de recherche, qui ont recueilli, ensemble par échantillonnage, les opinions de plus de 50 000 ménages et de 2 000 experts. Les conclusions, soumises à la CEA entre 2002 et 2004, ont fait l’objet d’un processus rigoureux d’examens auxquels ont participé des experts nationaux et internationaux travaillant sur la gouvernance et les questions politiques et économiques. Ce rapport est la première grande étude de ce type initiée par les pays africains, qui vise à analyser de façon empirique les opinions des citoyens quant à l’état de la gouvernance dans leurs pays, tout en mettant en évidence les principaux déficits de capacité dans les pratiques et institutions de gouvernance et en recommandant des pratiques optimales et des solutions pour y faire face. On s’est attaché à assurer l’appropriation locale de l’ensemble empirique de résultats afin de renforcer l’efficacité et la légitimité de la prise de décisions et de l’effort de sensibilisation aux niveaux national et infrarégional. Les données ainsi générées peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer la performance des gouvernements et de toutes les principales parties prenantes dans leur réponse aux préoccupations exprimées par les citoyens et pour suivre la mesure dans laquelle le contrat qu’ils ont passé entre eux est respecté. Nous avons pris soin de ne pas être trop directif. Le Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique contient des recommandations qui découlent essentiellement des réalités propres aux pays, car, pour être durable, la gouvernance doit être replacée dans son contexte et internalisée. SOURCE: Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique Wed, 14 May 2008 11:02:26 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24335 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=24335 Le présent rapport fait la synthèse de la première grande étude continentale visant à mesurer et contrôler les « Progrès accomplis sur la voie de la bonne gouvernance en Afrique », entreprise par la Commission économique pour l’Afrique. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des enquêtes et des recherches ont été menées sur 28 pays. Les résultats complets et l’analyse de l’étude seront publiés en 2005 dans le premier «Rapport sur la gouvernance en Afrique ». La CEA a entrepris ce travail pour évaluer l’idée que les citoyens se font de l’état de la gouvernance en Afrique, pour rassembler des informations sur les meilleures pratiques et pour identifier les principaux besoins de la région en matière de développement des capacités. Le projet a identifié quatre tendances positives sur la voie de la création d’États compétents en Afrique: transitions démocratiques, ouverture politique, liberté d’expression et obligation comptable, et gestion économique. SOURCE: Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique Nations Unies // Commission économique pour l'Afrique Fri, 11 Jan 2008 11:24:00 -0800 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21752 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=21752 Botswana is an upper middle-income country touted as one of Africa’s few success stories. The diamond-rich country enjoys stable economic growth, consistently ranks near the top of international anticorruption measures, and remains untouched by the political instability that has roiled so many African nations. But daily life in Botswana reveals a more complicated picture: The cost of food and fuel is up, unemployment is high, and the country copes with one of the world’s highest HIV/AIDS infection rates. In addition, the government is struggling to cope with a steady influx of Zimbabweans fleeing their country’s economic crisis. The Botswana government is working to encourage economic diversification, but such efforts have yet to produce results, illustrating the challenge that many African states will face as they attempt to grow in a competitive global economy. SOURCE: Council on Foreign Relations Council on Foreign Relations Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:47:45 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20115 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=20115 Since the 1960s, the environment has become a consistent theme in international political discourse, no longer solely the concern of small groups of activists but a mainstream issue. As environmental concerns have gone increasingly global, countries like Norway and Finland have garnered international acclaim for their strong commitment to environmental causes. The government of the United States, in contrast, has been widely and vehemently criticized for its alleged disinterest. The bad press is ironic because the United States is engaged with other countries on a wide range of environmental issues. A significant amount of that involvement occurs in regions of the world where America's policymakers are hard pressed to find any vital interest. Perhaps more surprisingly, the US Department of Defense is an actor in these activities, a situation doubly ironic because America's military leaders have never engaged in serious, protracted debate to define environmentally-related military roles and #responsibilities. This article briefly examines US engagement on environmental issues with the countries of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, locating military involvement in the wider context of overall US environmental partnerships. It argues that all these efforts could achieve better results if they were more coherently focused and integrated. While not advocating a lead role for the military, it concludes that a more concerted engagement on environmental issues could make a contribution both to regional stability and to better military-to-military relations with regional partners. SOURCE: U.S. Army War College U.S. Army War College Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:46:50 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18565 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18565 Botswana is a longstanding multiparty democracy. Constitutional power is shared between the President and a popularly elected National Assembly. On October 30, Festus Mogae, who has led the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) since 1998, was reelected President in parliamentary elections deemed generally free and fair; however, there were opposition complaints of unequal access to coverage by state-owned television. The BDP, which has held a majority of seats in the National Assembly continuously since independence, won 44 of 57 National Assembly seats. The Government generally respected the constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary; however, a shortage of judges resulted in a large backlog of cases. The Botswana Defense Force, which is under the control of the Defense Council within the Office of the President, has primary responsibility for external security, although it assisted with domestic law enforcement on a case-by-case basis. The Botswana Police Service (BPS) has primary responsibility for internal security. The civilian Government maintained effective control of the security forces. Some members of the security forces, in particular the police, reportedly committed human rights abuses. SOURCE: U.S. Department of State U.S. Department of State Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:46:38 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18253 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18253 SOURCE: HIV InSite Database of Country and Regional Indicators // Center for HIV Information // University of California San Francisco HIV InSite Database of Country and Regional Indicators // Center for HIV Information // University of California San Francisco Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:46:31 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18023 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=18023 Countries rich in natural resources are often cursed by corruption, conflict, poor economic growth, low levels of child welfare and other problems. The report explores the reasons underlying the paradoxical link between mineral wealth and child poverty in countries such as Azerbaijan, Colombia, Nigeria, Sudan and Venezuela. Drawing from the experience of these countries and the success stories of Botswana and Norway, it focuses on positive, practical and achievable approaches that key actors can use to lift the 'resource curse' and improve the impact of the extractive industry on children and the rest of their societies. SOURCE: Save the Children Save the Children Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:45:05 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=15051 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=15051 This fact sheet provides an overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Botswana, published October 2005. SOURCE: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:45:04 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=14865 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=14865 The Bush Administration has requested $95.2 million in FY2008 funds for the Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), a multilateral, five-year program with planned U.S. contributions of some $660 million from FY2005 through FY2009. Its primary purpose is to train and equip 75,000 military troops, a majority of them African, for peacekeeping operations by 2010. GPOI also provides support for the Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (CoESPU), an Italian training center for gendarme (constabulary police) forces in Vicenza, Italy. In addition, GPOI is promoting the development of an international transportation and logistics support system for peacekeepers, and is encouraging an information exchange to improve international coordination of peace operations training and exercises in Africa. In June 2004, G8 leaders pledged to support the goals of the initiative. GPOI incorporates previous capabilities-building programs for Africa. From FY1997 to FY2005, the United States spent just over $121 million on GPOI's predecessor program that was funded through the State Department Peacekeeping (PKO) account: the Clinton Administration's African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) and its successor, the Bush Administrations's African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) program. SOURCE: Congressional Research Service Congressional Research Service Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:44:44 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=14334 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=14334 In 2003 and during the first quarter of 2004, UNAIDS and WHO worked closely with national governments and research institutions to recalculate current estimates on people living with HIV/AIDS. These calculations are based on the previously published estimates for 1999 and 2001 and recent trends in HIV/AIDS surveillance in various populations. A methodology developed in collaboration with an international group of experts was used to calculate the new estimates on prevalence and incidence of HIV and AIDS deaths, as well as the number of children infected through mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Different approaches were used to estimate HIV prevalence in countries with low-level, concentrated or generalised epidemics. The current estimates do not claim to be an exact count of infections. Rather, they use a methodology that has thus far proved accurate in producing estimates that give a good indication of the magnitude of the epidemic in individual countries. However, these estimates are constantly being revised as countries improve their surveillance systems and collect more information. SOURCE: World Health Organization World Health Organization Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:44:00 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=12962 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=12962 The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has been in existence since 1980, when it was formed as a loose alliance of nine majority-ruled States in Southern Africa known as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), with the main aim of coordinating development projects in order to lessen economic dependence on the then apartheid South Africa. The founding Member States are: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. SADCC was formed in Lusaka, Zambia on April 1, 1980, following the adoption of the Lusaka Declaration - Southern Africa: Towards Economic Liberation. The transformation of the organization from a Coordinating Conference into a Development Community (SADC) took place on August 17, 1992 in Windhoek, Namibia when the Declaration and Treaty was signed at the Summit of Heads of State and Government thereby giving the organization a legal character. The Member States are Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. SADC headquarters are in Gaborone, Botswana. The objective of SADC: Achieve development and economic growth, alleviate poverty, enhance the standard and quality of life of the people of Southern Africa and support the socially disadvantaged through regional integration; Evolve common political values, systems and institutions; Promote and defend peace and security; Promote self-sustaining development on the basis of collective self-reliance, and the interdependence of Member States; Achieve complementarity between national and regional strategies and programmes; Promote and maximise productive employment and utilisation of resources of the Region; Achieve sustainable utilisation of natural resources and effective protection of the environment; Strengthen and consolidate the long-standing historical, social and cultural affinities and links among the people of the Region. SOURCE: Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:43:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=10498 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=10498 Website of the Africa Union. SOURCE: Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:42:22 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=8338 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=8338 The book-length report examines the impact of state-sponsored homophobia in Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, and Botswana. Many leaders in southern Africa have singled out lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people as scapegoats for their countries' problems. The report documents pervasive harassment and violence against sexual minorities in the region, including verbal attacks, police harassment, official crackdowns, and community violence. SOURCE: Human Rights Watch // International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission Human Rights Watch // International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:42:10 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=7919 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=7919 Since the events of 11 September, regional organisations around the globe have realigned themselves to confront the new security threats posed by terrorism. While these threats can, and do, affect southern Africa in many ways, there has yet to be strong action taken at a regional level, and commitments to dealing with the issue have been varied. This essay attempts to explore why terrorism should demand more attention from southern African states, and reasons why those states should confront the issue through regional apparatuses. It also examines areas that the SADC region will have to fine-tune in order to successfully implement security measures against terrorism. The essay seeks to take stock of the present capacity within the region as well as learn from what other regions around the world are doing. It highlights how other regions have already taken steps to mitigate their collective vulnerabilities by emphasising coordination, cooperation and harmonization among members. The essay highlights how, by integrating international models with existing regional capacity, southern African states can - and should - begin to confront the threats that terrorism poses to the region. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:42:04 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=7464 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=7464 Human security is the dominant discourse within international, regional and sub-regional organisations tasked with security and development. It has displaced the traditional state security paradigm with its preoccupation with protecting national interests and state borders through the projection of power. Although the basic tenets that constitute the human security paradigm can be traced to various alternative approaches voiced on development and security, it was the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Report of 1994 that gave concrete expression to, and was later used to popularise, this approach to security. That report, drawing on the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, employed the phrase xe2x80x98freedom from want and freedom from fear' to advocate a people-centred approach to security, to link development to security, and to broaden both the identification of possible threats and the actors responsible for producing and resolving insecurity. The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) has integrated the human security approach into its constructions of, and policy frameworks for, peace and security. Southern Africa, a region defined by its anti-colonial and civil wars, is undoubtedly enjoying an unprecedented measure of peace and stability, despite continued tensions in Zimbabwe, Swaziland and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Peace agreements in Mozambique, South Africa, Angola and the DRC created an enabling environment for democratisation and development to take root. However, the xe2x80x98peace dividend' has yet to materialise for the vast majority of citizens in Southern Africa. The road map for transforming these states and the everyday lives of their citizenry has been drafted in the many protocols, policies and strategic frameworks, and much of the institutional apparatus is already in place. Yet, there remains a marked disjuncture between the region's goals and aspirations, and the implementation and/or outcomes thereof. The often-stated reasons for this are lack of capacity, resources and political will. However, in the absence of contextualisation, these reasons remain vague and, therefore, without the specificities for redress. This monograph broadly sets out to (1) unpack the conceptual, methodological and institutional issues that emerge from the adoption of a human security perspective; (2) indicate some of the major human security challenges confronting Southern Africa and; (3) highlight the implications for policy research and capacity-building in the region. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:49 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=6333 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=6333 The Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is the newest operationalized subregional court in Africa. Provided for under Article 16 of the 1992 Declaration and Treaty Establishing the Southern African Development Community, the Community's members approved the Protocol required to set up the Tribunal in 2000. Despite the ratification requirements in the Protocol itself, the Protocol entered into force with the signature of the Agreement Amending the Treaty of SADC in August 2001. The Agreement Amending the Treaty marked a renewed energy in the integration of the Community, making the Protocol on the Tribunal an integral part of the Treaty and thus automatically applicable to all Member States. The renewed energy of the Community however, was not reflected in a swift establishment of the Tribunal. The first judges of the Tribunal were not sworn in until November 2005. SOURCE: Project on International Courts and Tribunals // African International Courts and Tribunals Project on International Courts and Tribunals // African International Courts and Tribunals Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:39 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=5510 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=5510 This paper explores some of the key issues at the heart of contemporary concerns about money laundering and considers them as they relate to Southern Africa. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:37 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=5266 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=5266 SOURCE: Protection Project // School of Advanced International Studies // Johns Hopkins University Protection Project // School of Advanced International Studies // Johns Hopkins University Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:33 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=4904 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=4904 The endowment of natural resources has often been associated with disappointing economic development. This phenomenon is referred to in the literature as the " resource curse, " which hypothesizes that economies experiencing resource booms, either through price increases or new discoveries, will experience unsustainable growth rates. There are various mechanisms through which a resource-boom can negatively impact on an economy. For instance, it can lead to excessive government expenditure during the boom period and drastic cuts when the boom ends; detrimental impacts on non-boom tradable sectors; inefficient investment beyond the absorptive capacity of the country; and rent seeking behavior. By exploring the case of the mineral boom in Botswana, this paper will demonstrate that the resource curse is not necessarily the fate of resource abundant countries. The adoption of sound economic policies and the good management of windfall gains have allowed Botswana to continuously manage growth and to become one of the great success stories of developing countries. SOURCE: World Bank World Bank Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:29 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=4493 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=4493 This report provides information for future programming by identifying effective approaches for working with men in the uniformed services in reproductive and sexual health from a gender perspective. SOURCE: United Nations Population Fund // Technical Support Division: Culture, Gender and Human Rights Branch // United Nations United Nations Population Fund // Technical Support Division: Culture, Gender and Human Rights Branch // United Nations Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:22 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3875 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3875 The year 2005 is being touted as the one in which Africa stakes its claim on the international agenda, topping the list of priorities for the Group of Eight (G8) the European Union (EU) and, increasingly, US foreign policy. Indeed the continent has received better media attention in recent months, stimulated by reinvigorated peace processes and the G7's agenda for poverty eradication in Africa that is led by the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, poverty and hunger still characterise life for most of the continent's inhabitants who are denied agency over their livelihoods as a result of a complex mix of reinforcing structural, political and environmental factors. The following pages identify HIV/AIDS and food insecurity (particularly in rural areas) as the two most severe and interrelated humanitarian issues currently facing southern Africa. It is argued t#hat the current situation must be contextualised as an xe2x80x98entangling crisis' of climatic factors, chronic poverty, the failure of economic and political governance, and the impact of HIV/AIDS on the ability of individuals to respond independently. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:22 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3906 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3906 This chapter examines the evolution and development of the military in Botswana within the regional and national security context. It also provides an overview of the civilian oversight mechanisms meant to ensure accountability of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) and reviews the experiences in building a truly professional force. Furthermore, it examines the role of the BDF within the region, and in continental affairs. The chapter argues that post-colonial Botswana was conceived without war-making capacity in that the state was born without a military. Such a position was informed by many factors, including resource constraints, fear of coups, and a preference for peaceful coexistence with neighbours. Eventually, a consideration of national and regional factors combined gave impetus to the formation, recruitment, weapon procurement, defence budget, training, civil-military relations and other future developments of the BDF. The authors of this paper assert that an understanding of the evolution of the BDF can only make sense if it is coupled with an understanding of the regional and national circumstances that gave rise to its creation. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:20 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3652 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3652 Why has Africa had so much civil war? In all other regions of the world the incidence of civil war has been on a broadly declining trend over the past thirty years: but in Africa the long term trend has been upwards. Of course, every civil war has its xe2x80x98story' - the personalities, the social cleavages, the triggering events, the inflammatory discourse, the atrocities. But is there anything more? Are there structural conditions - social, political or economic - which make a country prone to civil war? Might it be that the same inflammatory politician, playing on the same social cleavages, and with the same triggering events, might xe2x80x98cause' war under one set of conditions and merely be an ugly irritant in another? Surprisingly, the dominant factors are economic. Three factors matter a lot for the risk of civil war: the level of income, its rate of growth, and its structure. If a country is poor, in economic decline, and is dependent upon natural resource exports, then it faces a substantial risk that sooner or later it will experience a civil war. SOURCE: Crimes of War Project Crimes of War Project Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:18 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3458 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=3458 There is no gainsaying that while most Southern African Development Community (SADC) states have embraced liberal democracy, in practice, they are implementing electoral practices that are essentially a narrower form of liberal democracy. The likely impact of the election principles and guidelines adopted by the SADC Heads of State and Government at the 2004 Summit in Mauritius is open to question. Is democracy equal to, or synonymous with, elections per se? What exactly is the relationship between elections and democracy? This paper attempts to answer these questions, but we will also indirectly point to the uncertain future of electoral democracy in the SADC region and the challenges faced when institutionalising liberal democracy. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:11 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=2763 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=2763 The San in Botswana are concentrated in the Kalahari Desert where they have moved to avoid the encroachment of other groups. Based on factors identified as encouraging or inhibiting rebellion, the San in Botswana seem to have a moderate risk thereof. Recent government repression has given them a reason for mobilization, and they possess factors that help mobilization including a group identity, territorial concentration, and organizational representation. Furthermore, Botswana does not seem interested in reform and there has been serious armed conflict in neighboring Angola that might spillover. However, three factors will mitigate rebellious impulses. First, the regime in Botswana is democratic and stable providing less violent pathways to pursue change. Second, there is international pressure for reform from Survival International and Great Britain. Third, there has been little past protest to build upon. There is a higher likelihood of increased protest. The San encounter significant political and cultural restrictions as well as recent repression that might act as catalysts for protest. In addition, San in Botswana are part of a greater network of San in Southern Africa that would provide resources and support for any protest that takes place. SOURCE: Minorities at Risk Project // Center for International Development and Conflict Management // University of Maryland Minorities at Risk Project // Center for International Development and Conflict Management // University of Maryland Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:41:08 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=2468 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=2468 This report describes how organised criminal networks have succeeded in establishing a common criminal market for illicit goods that covers the entire Southern African sub-region. The first chapter documents the historical development of organised crime in the region. The following four chapters focus on organized crime in Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania and Swaziland. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:40:57 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=1397 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=1397 The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), which evolved into the Southern African Development Community (SADC) , has been in existence since 1980. The original nine member-countries were Angola , Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. South Africa joined SADC in 1994 followed by Mauritius (1995), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC, 1997). In 2005, SADC granted Madagascar membership. In addition to belonging to SADC, Angola, DRC, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe are members of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). In order to facilitate development in the region, member-states in SADC formulated various objectives which the community works to achieve. Among those objectives are the promotion of regional economic integration, creation of intra-governmental policies, and sustainable utilization of natural resources. In addition to the broader objectives of SADC, the region's Trade Protocol calls for member-states to further liberalize intra-regional trade, while eliminating trade barriers in order to establish a Free Trade Area (FTA) by 2008. The creation of the FTA is part of a strategic plan announced by the SADC executive secretary in 2004, which also includes the establishment of an SADC customs union by 2010, a common market pact by 2012, and establishment of an SADC central bank and preparation for a single SADC currency by 2016. SOURCE: Energy Information Administration Energy Information Administration Wed, 24 Oct 2007 03:40:42 -0700 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=172 http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/showRecord.php?RecordId=172 The report examines the impact of HIV/AIDS on the countries of Southern Africa. It attempts to systematize emerging thinking about the various economic, social and political consequences of the disease, and calls for much more research in this area. The report concludes that HIV/AIDS threatens to block and even reverse democratic consolidation across Southern Africa. Hope lies in cheaper anti-retroviral drugs and improved prevention efforts. SOURCE: Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies